UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 101
Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Panels Under the
Effect of Electrical and Environmental Parameters in Erbil
City
Banaz S. Ibrahim
a*
, Sarkar Jawhar M. Shareef
b
, Hilmi F. Ameen
c
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
E-mail:
a
banaz.ibrahim@su.edu.krd,
b
sarkar.mohammad@su.edu.krd,
c
hilmi.ameen@su.edu.krd
1. Introduction
With the event of world incipient energy technology, the analysis for renewable energy has gradually extended in all
countries. In order to push standardization and marketization of the recent energy industry, a series of advancement
plans have been suggested. The goal of photovoltaic power (PV) can occupy a very important position within the
universal energy consumption market, and become the topic of the world energy [Guo, Y., Song, X. & Dai, Ch., 2017].
In Erbil/Kurdistan Region/Iraq; which is the location of these tests; the solar irradiation has great value and it reaches
5.26 Kwh/m
2
/day [Atrooshi, S. & Yassen, S., 2017].
The energy through the PV can be seen to be the major and prerequisite sustainable resource because of the ubiquity,
multitude, and sustainability of solar radiant energy [Tasi, H., Tu, Ci., & Su, Y., 2008]. PV cells convert solar irradiation
straight into DC electrical power. The fundamental material for assuredly all the PV cells is subsisting within the market
demand, which is high clean silicon (Si) and is obtained from sand or quartz. Broadly, there are three kinds: mono-
crystalline; polycrystalline; and amorphous silicon. The Crystalline-Si technology is often utilized as a reference, or
baseline for solar energy production technology, largely the condition of PV cell technology relies on cell efficiency, and
manufacturing cost [Shukla, A., Khare, M., & Shukla, K N., 2015].
The potency of a PV cell is set by the material's competency to absorb photon energy over an extensive area, and on
the band gap of the matter. PV cells are semiconductors that have impotently bonded electrons at a caliber of energy
called valence band [Guangyu, L., Kiong, S.N, & Ashton, P., 2011; Yahya, M.A., Youm, I., & Kader, A., 2011]. The
current engender by a solar cell at any moment is based on its intrinsic characteristics and the solar radiation. The solar
irradiation is composed of sundry energies, and some are absorbed at the p-n junction. Photons with energies not up to
the troupe gap of the solar cell do nothing and engender no voltage or electrical current Photons with energy superior
to the troupe gap engender electricity, but only the energy corresponding to the troupe gap is utilized. The remnant of
Access this article online
Received on: January 8, 2021
Accepted on: Febraury 20, 2021
Published on: June 30, 2021
DOI: 10.25079/ukhjse.v5n1y2021.pp101-110e.v5n1y2021.ppxx-xx
E-ISSN: 2520-7792
Copyright © 2021 Banaz et al. This is an open access article with Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (CC
BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Research Article
Abstract
This paper presents the performance analysis of a photovoltaic cell derived from a single diode equivalent circuit
under the influence of several kinds of electrical and environmental parameters. The characteristics of a solar cell
have been investigated using MATLAB simulation and have been validated experimentally. In this paper the
photovoltaic cell is represented by an exact equivalent circuit including all parameters such as a diode saturation
current, light generated current, temperature effects, series and shunt resistance values. Also, this paper includes the
impacts of clouds, dust, chalk powder, fly ash and bird droppings on the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel. A
comparison between the experimental and model simulation results confirmed the reality of results, and indicate the
validity of the exact model for photovoltaic performance analysis.
Keywords: Photovoltaic (PV), Performance Analysis, Solar Radiation, Electrical and Environmental Factors.
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 102
energy is wasred as heat within the body of the solar cell [Varsheny, A. & Abu, Tariq, 2014]. In general clouds lead the
albedo of the atmosphere that finds the amount of solar radiation arriving to the earth’s surface through the daylight
[Liou, K. N, 2002]. Many researchers have investigated this as seen in the literature.
Salmi, T., Bouzguenda, M., Gastli, A., & Masmoudi, A. [2012], were presented a mathematic Matlab simulink model
of a PV solar cell comportment under various physical and various climate parameters such as alteration of solar
radiation and temperature both simulation and experiment.
Tobnaghi, M. D., Madatov, R., Naderi D. [2013], studied the efficacy of alteration of the cell temperature which effects
the PV performance. Varsheny, A. & Abu, Tariq [2014], studied and calculated different parameters for solar cells by
utilizing Matlab Simulink under sundry physical environment conditions. Kumar, M., Kumar, N., & Chandel, S.S. [2015]
& Nema, S., Nema, K.R., & Agnihotri, G. [2010], worked on both Matlab simulink and experimental data. They utilized
different simulation data for different cell temperatures at 25, 50 and 75 C
o
, transmuting the irradiation as 1000, 1200
and 1400 W/m
2
and variable series resistance as 0.221 and 0.400 Ω while neglecting shunt resistance. As a result they
found that the parameters had an effect on the PV characteristics and output potency. Azzouzi, M., & Bouchahdane,
M. [2016], proposed a model and applied different conditions to a PV cell to get better electrical performance from the
PV system. The outcome that the variations of temperature, irradiance, series and shunt resistance was that these
conditions have a major influence on solar cell performance. Perraki, V. & Kounavis, P. [2016] investigated the effect
of temperature and irradiation on the behavior of many types of PV cells at a Mediterranean site in north altitude 38
0
.
Charfi, W., Chaabane, M., Mihri, H. & Bournot, P. [2018] presented an experimental study of a special panel allowing
solar panel natural cooling and computational fluid dynamics which were used for modeling of PV systems.
Ali & Abdulsalam, I. G. [2016] studied the effect of clouds on the performance of a PV panel using both outdoor
experiments and Matlab simulations. The results show that cloud cover reduces the efficiency of the PV module, and
this reduction in efficiency were found to be from 0.96% to 3.77% in the three experimental locations. Athar, H., Ankit,
B. & Rupendra, P. [2017] investigated experimentally using different dust samples with different irradiation levels such
as 650, 750 and 850 W/m
2
. The results show that the power is reduced to a large extent during dust accumulation. Rani,
S.P., Giridhar, M.S, & Prasad, S. R. [2018] analyzed theoretically the variance of radiance and temperature effects on
solar cell performance. Ali, H. N., Zahraa, S. D., & Hashim, A. H. [2020] discussed the influence of clouds on the
characteristics of a Mono-crystalline solar module during November, December and January (2018-2019) in Baghdad.
Also, PV parameters were simulated by using MATLAB. The effects of various environmental factors on the
performance of the PV system has been investigated by Mustafa, R., Gomaa, M., Al-Dhaifallah, M. & Rezk, M. [2020].
In this paper, the influence of internal and external parameters on PV cells was analyzed and investigated. The effect
of a series of changes in resistance, shunt resistance, rising temperature and saturation currents was verified by
simulations. The effects of clouds, dust, chalk powder, fly ash and bird dropping accumulation on PV panel performance
was taken into consideration during the experimental work and were compared with a clean PV panel in the Erbil city
environment.
2. The Single Diode Solar Cell Module
The most popular equivalent circuit used to presage energy output in PV cell modeling is the single diode circuit model
that represents the electrical comportment of the p-n junction. The single diode PV cell equivalent circuit with five
parameters is shown in Figure 1. The PV cell is characterized by its equivalent outline which consists of a source of
electrical current which models the transmutation of the shining flow in electrical energy. The system performances was
analysed in the computer by utilizing the Matlab simulation process. To consider physical phenomena at the caliber of
the cell, the model is consummated by two resistances, series R
S
and shunt R
Sh
as the time exhibitor the equivalent
electric circuit.
Figure 1. The schematic diagram of a single diode solar cell.
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 103
This sample can be represented by Equation 1 [Shukla, A., Khare, M., & Shukla, K N., 2015].

󰇥

󰇣
󰇛
󰇜
ƣ

󰇤
󰇦
󰇛
󰇜

(1)
Where I
L
is the light engendered current, Io is the inversion saturation current of the diode, q is the electron charge, V
is the voltage across the diode, ƣ is the Boltzmann's constant is 1.38 ×10
-23
W/m
2
K, T
Cell
is the cell temperature and α
is the ideality factor of the diode.
3. Effect of Parameters on the Model and Discussions
3.1. The Solar Radiation Effect
Solar radiation fall on atmosphere from the orientation of the sun is the solar ethereal ray. We can modulate the Matlab
model in two subsystems, the first one which calculates the photocurrent, robustly dependent upon cell temperature
and solar irradiance, consequently Equation 2 can be simplified as follows [Shukla, A., Khare, M., & Shukla, K N., 2015].
󰇟

󰇛


󰇜
󰇠

(2)
Where I
S.C
, is the short circuit, current, is the short circuit current coefficient usually 25C
o
and 1000 W/m
2
, T
ref
is the
ambient temperature and is the solar irradiation in W/m
2
. Figure 2 shows the Matlab simulink for I-V characteristics
of various sundry solar radiation at (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000) W/m
2
with constant cell temperature at 25 C
o
and the
number of cells is the 60 cells.
It is shown that when the solar radiation is varied, all the cell parameters transmuted such as the light engendered
current is straightway proportional to the flux of photons, consequently I
S.C
is directly proportional to light intensity. It
designates an increase in the irradiance leads to a diminutively minuscule incrimination in the open circuit voltage and a
sizably voluminous increase in the short circuit current, consequently more power is engendered. The results are shown
in Figure 3.
3.2. The Solar Cell Temperature Effect
The cell temperature can be represented by Equation 3 [Kumar, M., Kumar, N., & Chandel, S.S., 2015]. When T
Nominal
is the nominal operating cell temperature.


󰇡



󰇢 (3)
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the simulation results for 60 cells at different temperatures (0, 25, 36, 45, 50 and 75) C
o
under constant radiation 1000 W/m
2
.
Figure 4 shows when the cell temperature is low the PV current decreases but PV voltage boosts when the cell
temperature increases as shown in Figure 5.
3.3. The Series Resistance (Rs) Effect
The arrangement of the solar cell with single-diode and series resistance is shown in Figure 1. The major action of series
resistance is to minify the fill factor (F.F), given in Equation 4 [Salmi, T., Bouzguenda, M., Gastli, A., & Masmoudi, A.,
2012].





(4)
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 104
Where P
Maximum
is the maximum power and V
O.C
is the open circuit voltage. The Matlab simulink for different series
resistance which are displayed in Figure 6 and 7 under various value of R
s
(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.35) Ω with constant
temperature and irradiance are 25 C
o
and 1000W/m
2
respectively for 60 cells. Hence the open circuit voltage not
influenced by changing of series resistance value, but near the open circuit voltage region, the I-V curve is hardly
influenced by R
s
resistance, additionally raising the series resistance so the output power is minimized as exhibited in
Figure 7.
3.4. The Shunt Resistance (Rsh) Effect
The presence of the resistance in the PV leads to power loss. When the value of shunt resistance is less than rated, the
power losses are increased in solar cells by providing an alternate current path for the light-engendered current. These
results can be seen in Figures 8 and 9, for 60 cells, under reference atmosphere condition with different value of shunt
resistance at (50, 100, 500, and 1500) Ω. The results in both Figure 8 and 9, show that as the value of shunt resistance
decreases it has less of an effect on the open circuit voltage region but the short circuit current region will reduce because
of less light-engendered current. Thisalso has an impact on the output power as it is reduced.
3.5. The Diode Reverse Saturation Current Effect
The Simulink model equation for calculating the diode reverses saturation current at the reference temperature is given
in Equation 5.






ƣ

(5)
Where k is for nominal symbolic cases,
v
is the voltage coefficient, ΔT=T
ref
- T
Cell
. In a solar cell, the inversion
saturation current because of diffusive flow of minority electrons from the p-side to the n- side and the minority holes
from the n-side to p-side, firstly dependent on the cell temperature [Messenger, A.R., & Ventre, J., 2004; Francisco, M.,
Figure 4. The I-V characteristics of the PV module with
different temperatures.
Figure 5. The P-V characteristics of the PV module with
different temperatures.
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 105
& Longatt, G., 2005]. In these scenarios, the values of the reverse saturation current are (8.7e
-8
, 3.5e
-7
, 2.14e
-7
and 1.3e
-
7
). At reference atmosphere state, the simulation results for 60 cells is displayed in Figure 10 and 11.
The merits of I-V and P-V are insignificant when the value of the inversion saturation current increased so the open
circuit voltage decreased as in Figure 10 and the maximum power point distributed by the solar cell is reduced as shown
in Figure 11.
Expremental set up and results
4.1. I-V and P-V Behavior
The experiments were performed in outdoor conditions in Erbil city using Mono-crystal PV – panels with variable
conditions including resistance, irradiance meter, temperature sensor and digital multi-meters. Figure 12 presents actual
photos of the system under tests with the various environmental conditions.
The datasheet parameters of the PV panels used in the study are listed in Table 1. The IV characteristic was obtained
by changing a variable resistor (as a load) and recording both voltage and current in regular steps. The experiment and
simulation data results for solar radiation of 724 W/m2, are shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14.
Table 1. Manufacturer data sheet of Mono-type at reference conditions [MECREA Lab, College of Eng. Salahaddin
University-Erbil].
Parameter
Value
Rated maximum power
225 W
Open circuit voltage
36.8 V
Rated voltage
29.5 V
Short circuit current
8.30 A
Rated current
7.64 A
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 106
Figure 12. Actual photos for the present PV system with the different environmental states: (a) The reference case
(clean PV Panel), (b) dust collection, (c) chalk powder, (d) bird droppings.
4.2. Effect of Clouds on PV Panel Behavior
There are ten major kinds of clouds namely, cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus,
stratocumulus, stratus, cumulus, and cumulonimbus, which are classified according to height as high, middle, and low
clouds [Ahrens, 2009]. When clouds cover the sun, light levels are reduced, the impacts of clouds on a solar panels might
then produce peaks at or above 50% more than its direct-sun output. The results of the experiment for the Altostratus
cloud type are given in Table 2 with a solar radiation of 446 W/m
2
. The results of the second case when the cloud type
was stratocumulus with a solar radiation of (210) W/m
2
are shown in Figure 15.. The results of the third case where
conditions were sunny weather and the solar irradiance was 781 W/m
2
are shown in Table 3. Table 4 shows the
characteristics of solar panels, according to the tests comparing sunny conditions and cloudy conditions.
Table 2. Experimental results for Altostratus cloud type- Erbil City [MECREA Lab, College of Eng. Salahaddin
University].
SOLAR PANEL DATA
V(voltage)
I(Ampere)
P(watt)
V(voltage)
I(Ampere)
P(watt)
0
4.01
0
35
0.85
29.75
6
3.9
23.4
35
0.78
27.3
Figure 14. The P-V characteristics for both practical
experimental and Matlab simulations.
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 107
14
3.5
49
35.2
0.59
20.768
30
2.7
81
35.3
0.28
9.884
33.4
1.63
54.442
35.4
0.21
7.434
33.8
1.44
48.672
35.5
0.17
6.035
33.9
1.33
45.087
35.6
0.13
4.628
34.1
1.29
43.989
35.7
0.12
4.284
34.4
1.17
40.248
35.9
0.11
3.949
34.5
1
34.5
35.8
0.08
2.864
34.8
0.93
32.364
36.2
0
0
Table 3. Experimental results for solar panel exposed to sunny weather - Erbil city [MECREA Lab, College of Eng.
Salahaddin University-Erbil].
SOLAR PANEL DATA
V(voltage)
I(Ampere)
P(watt)
V(voltage)
I(Ampere)
P(watt)
0
6.7
0
30
4.5
135
5
6.5
32.5
31.5
3.45
108.7
10
6.4
64
32
2.9
92.8
15
6.25
93.75
32.5
2.4
78
20
6.05
121
33
1.5
49.5
25
5.9
147.5
33. 5
1.1
36.85
27
5.88
158.75
34
0.4
13.6
27.5
5.85
160.87
34.25
0.2
6.85
28
5.8
162.5
34.35
0.1
3.44
29
5.6
162.4
34.5
0
0
29
0.93
32.364
Table 4. The comparison between sunny and cloudy cases.
Type cases
Irradiation
(w/m
2
)
I
s.c
(A)
V
o.c
(V)
I
max
(A)
V
max
(V)
Efficiency
%
Sunny
781
6.77
34.8
5.77
28.1
13.84%
Cloudy type
(Altostratus)
446
4.01
36.2
2.7
30
12.10%
Cloudy type
(Stratocumulus)
210
1.5
32
0.83
27
7.11%
Figure 15. The I-V and P-V characteristics for solar panels exposed to cloudy weather - Erbil City.
4.3. Effect of Dust on PV Panel Behavior
The dust accumulation on the surface of the PV panel decreases the irradiance transmittance. The experiments were
performed at outdoor conditions in Erbil city by using two Mono-crystal PV panels. The datasheet parameters of PV
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 108
panels used in the study are listed in Table 1. The impact of dust can be investigated by comparison between a dirty
panel and a clean panel. The study was carried out using different dust samples with different weights.
The outside panels were under outdoor weather conditions, and a collection of different types of dust were spilled
manually on the PV surface with fraction rates of 20 grams of dust, 5 grams of chalk powder and fly ash. The influence
of dust was found by comparing the output parameters of clean and dirty panels. The weight of dust was determined
using a digital weight meter. The tilde angle of the solar panel was kept at 0
o
during the study. The weather status was
normal as most days were sunny without wind.
A comparative study of dust, chalk powder and fly ash patterns was carried out, and the results are listed in Tables 5,
6 and 7 for the different irradiation cases. Also, bird droppings may minimize the performance of solar panels due to
reducing the transmittance of the glass cover on the PV panel. The tilde angles of the solar panels was kept at 0
o
during
the research. The weather conditions were normal as most days were sunny. The experiment data results for solar
radiation under the effect of fly drops are given in Table 8.
Table 5. The Parameters of Difference of Dust Accumulation.
Table 6. The Parameters of Difference of Chalk Powder Accumulation.
Chalk Powder (g)
G(w/m
2
)
I
s.c
(A)
V
o.c
(V)
P
Maximum
(W)
Efficiency %
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
Panel-1
5
520
5.22
34.0
99.15
12.71%
97.57
Panel-2
0
5.35
34.1
99.84
12.80%
Panel-1
10
525
5.56
34.1
98.97
12.56%
97.37
Panel-2
0
5.71
34.2
101.50
12.89%
Panel-1
15
529
5.83
34.1
97.69
12.31%
96.36
Panel-2
0
6.05
34.2
102.52
12.92%
Panel-1
20
533
5.8
34.0
96.01
12.00%
93.24
Panel-2
0
6.22
34.2
103.50
12.94%
Table 7. The Parameters of Difference of Fly Ashes Accumulation.
Fly Ash (g)
G(w/m
2
)
I
s.c
(A)
V
o.c
(V)
P
Maximum
(W)
Efficiency %
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
Panel-1
5
460
4.2
34.2
81.43
11.80%
87.5
Panel-2
0
4.8
34.3
85.07
12.33%
Panel-1
10
453
3.77
34.1
73.27
10.84%
83.77
Panel-2
0
4.5
34.2
84.56
12.44%
Panel-1
15
445
3.17
34.0
60.45
9.05%
79.29
Panel-2
0
4.0
34.2
79.70
11.94%
Panel-1
20
448
3.09
34.0
58.5
8.70%
75.0
Panel-2
0
4.12
34.1
79.94
11.89%
Dust Weight(g)
G(w/m
2
)
I
s.c
(A)
V
o.c
(V)
P
Maximum
(W)
Efficiency %
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
Panel-1
20
460
4.75
34.3
83.62
12.11%
98.54
Panel-2
0
4.82
34.4
85.2
12.34%
Panel-1
40
506
4.57
34.2
87.52
11.53%
93.26
Panel-2
0
4.9
34.3
94.76
12.48%
Panel-1
60
510
4.51
34.2
86.37
11.29%
90.2
Panel-2
0
5
34.3
96.04
12.55%
Panel-1
80
502
4.22
34.1
80.58
10.70%
83.73
Panel-2
0
5.04
34.2
93.52
12.41%
Panel-1
100
512
4.3
34.0
79.12
10.30%
80.37
Panel-2
0
5.35
34.2
97.85
12.74%
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering | Volume 5 • Number 1 • 2021 109
Table 8. The Parameters with and without bird droppings for solar PV panel.
4. Conclusions
The following conclusions were obtained from the results of the study:
1. In this study, multi parameter models like (saturation current, temperature, irradiance, series and shunt
resistance) influences on PV cell characteristics were investigated.
2. Temperature is a parameter that has major influence in the behavior of PV characteristics as it adjusts the system
efficiency and output energy.
3. With the irradiance variation from (200 to 1000) W/m
2
, cell parameters such asthe light engendered current is
proportional to the flux of photon consequently I
S.C
increased leads to a small boost in open circuit voltage, as
a result there is more power generated and vice versa.
4. Series and shunt resistance have a large effect on PV cell characteristics when the value of both resistance is
chosen randomly the efficiency of the cell is reduced because the range of resistance depends on the area of
cell.
5. Series resistance does not affect open circuit voltage, but near open circuit voltage, the I-V curve is robustly
affected by Rs, and large values may lessen the short circuit current. In addition, power is minimized.
6. Solar panels are designed to work in sunny conditions, but they can still work in cloudy conditions when a type
of cloud blocks the sunlight from hitting the solar panel directly much less power and efficiency is generated.
7. Simulation results validate the experiment results and are compared. The accuracy of analytical and experimental
results show that this model is based in realty.
8. Cloudy weather conditions reduce the short circuit current, and upper output power as well as the efficiency of
the PV panel.
9. Any accumulation of dust, fly ash and/or chalk powder have an influence of reducing output power and module
efficiencies, as it reduces the short circuit currents.
10. Fly ash had a greater influence on module performance.
11. Bird droppings most likely created shade, which blocked the sun light from hitting the PV panel cell.
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th
ed.) Belmont, CA, USA:
Thomson Brooks/Cole, Book 585.127.
Ali, M. H. & Gaya, A. I. (2016). Determination of Cloud Effect on the Performance of Photovoltaic Module, IOSR
Journal of Applied Physics, 8(4) , 03-07. doi: 10.9790/4861-0804020307
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Cases
G(w/m
2
)
I
s.c
(A)
V
o.c
(V)
P
Maximum
(W)
Efficiency %
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
Panel-1 with
bird dropping
456
4.54
34.1
81.4
11.90%
98.48
Panel-2
without bird
dropping
4.61
34.2
84.2
12.30%
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