Mapping Geotechnical Soil Properties of Ranya City in Kurdistan Region of Iraq Using GIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v6n1y2022.pp69-83Keywords:
Atterberg Limit Map, Bearing Capacity Map, Geotechnical Map, GIS, Particle Size Map.Abstract
Geotechnical map is a vital guidance to visualize the behavior of soils. The objective of this paper is to present the geotechnical maps that can be used for preliminary investigation in Ranya city of northern Iraq. The study area is 13.02 km2 with latitude and longitude of 36°15'14" N 44°52'59" E, respectively. A total number of 116 boreholes with the depth up to 5.0 m were utilized to create allowable bearing capacity, particle size, and Atterberg limit maps. Kriging interpolation tool in the ArcGIS software was used to analyze the soil properties data and to achieve the maps. The appraisal study area was divided into three layers 0.5-1.5, 1.5-3.0, and 3.0-5.0 m and the results show the average bearing capacity of 112.2, 168.5, and 244.2 kN/m2 sequentially. Moreover, Particle size distribution’s results illustrate that gravel percentage increases in the deeper layers, while fines content decreases with no significant change of sand content. In addition, very high bearing capacity areas were mostly found in the southern and northern parts of the studied area. However, the eastern area represents the area with the minimum bearing capacity where it gradually increases toward the west. Furthermore, the liquid limit and plasticity index reduce from the north to south with an increase in depth of the layers from 3.0-5.0 m. The highest liquid limit value is observed in the depth of 1.5-3.0 m.
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References
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Kadhim, M. M., Al-Saoudi, N. K. S., and Ziboon, A. R. T. (2013). Digital geotechnical maps of Basrah city using geographical information systems technique. Engineering \& Technology Journal, 31, 599–617.
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Khdir, S. H., and Saeed, K. T. (2021). Landfill Site Selection Using GIS and (AHP): Case Study of Ranya City. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 10(4), 39–49.
Koerner, R. M. (1970). Effect of particle characteristics on soil strength. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 96(4), 1221–1234. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001436
Labib, M., and Nashed, A. (2013). GIS and geotechnical mapping of expansive soil in Toshka region. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 4(3), 423–433. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2012.11.005
Manguri, S. B. H., and Hamza, A. A. (2021). Sanitary Landfill Site Selection Using Spatial-AHP for Pshdar Area, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region/Iraq. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 1–14. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00605-y
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Rashed, K. A., and Hussein, A. A. (2020). GIS as A Tool for Expansive Soil Detection at Sulaymaniyah City. Journal of Engineering, 26(6), 152–171.
Razmyar, A., and Eslami, A. (2016). Geotechnical Zoning of Municipal Districts 4 and 22 of Great Tehran. 2nd International Conference on Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture, Urban Planning and Sustainable Environment.
Razmyar, A., and Eslami, A. (2018). Evaluating the geotechnical and geophysical characteristics of expanding districts in Tehran using field experiments. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(2), 363–377.
Seko Private Construction Lab. (n.d.). Geotechnical Investigation Reports, Seko Private Construction Laboratory, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Singh, A., Noor, S., Chitra, R., Gupta, M., and Vel, N. K. (2015). GIS applications in geotechnical engineeringsome case studies. International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology, 5(2).
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Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., and Mesri, G. (1996). Soil mechanics in engineering practice (3rd editio). John Wiley \& Sons.
Tripathi, S. M., Chaurasia, S., and Sharma, P. K. (2021). Detection Prediction and Mapping of Chromium through QGIS and Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium by Modified Bio-Adsorbents: Kinetic and Adsorption study. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00563-4
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Wang, J.-J., Zhang, H.-P., Tang, S.-C., and Liang, Y. (2013). Effects of particle size distribution on shear strength of accumulation soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(11), 1994–1997. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000931
Zhou, B., and Lu, N. (2021). Correlation between Atterberg limits and soil adsorptive water. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(2), 4020162. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002463
Al-Ani, H., Eslami-Andargoli, L., Oh, E., and Chai, G. (2013). Categorising geotechnical properties of surfers paradise soil using geographic information system (GIS). International Journal of Geomate, 5(2), 690–695.
Al-Jiburi, H. K., and Al-Basrawi, N. H. (2015). Hydrogeological map of Iraq, scale 1: 1000 000, 2013. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 11(1), 17–26.
Al-Maliki, L. A. J., Al-Mamoori, S. K., El-Tawel, K., Hussain, H. M., Al-Ansari, N., Al Ali, M. J., and others. (2018). Bearing capacity map for An-Najaf and Kufa cities using GIS. Engineering, 10(05), 262.
Al-Mamoori, S. K., Al-Maliki, L. A. J., Al-Sulttani, A. H., El-Tawil, K., Hussain, H. M., and Al-Ansari, N. (2020). Horizontal and vertical geotechnical variations of soils according to USCS classification for the city of An-Najaf, Iraq using GIS. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(2), 1919–1938. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01139-x
Al-Manmi, D. A. A. (2008). Water resources management in Rania area, Sulaimaniyah NE-Iraq. College of Science, University of Baghdad, PhD Thesis, 225 p.
Aldefae, A. H., Mohammed, J., and Saleem, H. D. (2020). Digital maps of mechanical geotechnical parameters using GIS. Cogent Engineering, 7(1), 1779563. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1779563
Ali, H. M., and Shakir, R. R. (2021). Geotechnical map of Thi Qar governorate using geographical information systems (GIS). Materials Today: Proceedings. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.138
Alshkane, Y. M., Rashed, K. A., and Daoud, H. S. (2020). Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and Compressibility Indices Predictions from Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Index (DCP) for Cohesive Soil in Kurdistan Region/Iraq. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(4), 3683–3695. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01245-1
Annual population statistical report. (2021). Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government, Ministry of Planning, Raparin Statistics Directorate, Ranya.
Arshid, M. U., and Kamal, M. A. (2020). Regional geotechnical mapping employing kriging on electronic geodatabase. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 7625. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217625
ASTM, D. 422-63. (2007). Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. West Conshohoken, PA: ASTM International, 04.08, 10–17.
ASTM, D. 4318. (2010). Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D D6951. (2003). Standard test method for use of the dynamic cone penetrometer in shallow pavement applications.
ASTM D1586-11. (2011). Standard test method for standard penetration test (SPT) and split-barrel sampling of soils. ASTM Standard Test Method, 1–9.
ASTM D7263. (2018). Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Density and Unit Weight of Soil Specimens. United States: American Society for Testing and Material., i(March), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1520/D7263-09R18E02
Bapeer, G. B., Muhammad, R. K., Nadr, K. A., Khodakarami, L., and Al-Ansari, N. (2020). Geotechnical Properties of Soil in Ranya and Arbat Area, Sulaimaniya, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(5), 35–48.
Cabalar, A. F., Karabas, B., Mahmutluoglu, B., and Yildiz, O. (2021). An IDW-based GIS application for assessment of geotechnical characterization in Erzincan, Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(20), 1–14. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08481-6
Celik, F., Öztürk, M. Z., Sener, M. F., Ariöz, Ö., and Erbil, M. (2021). Mapping investigation based on engineering geology of a developing urban area (Nigde, Turkey). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(14), 1–17. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07699-8
Consultant Engineering Bureau of Sulaimani University. (n.d.). Geotechnical Investigation Reports, Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Sulaimani, College of Engineering, Consultant Engineering Bureau.
El-Kady, M. S., and ElMesmary, M. A. (2018). Creating spatial database of the foundation soil in Aljouf area using GIS. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 3(1), 1–6. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-018-0155-2
Jassim, S. Z., and Goff, J. C. (2006). Geology of Iraq. DOLIN, sro, distributed by Geological Society of London.
Jimenez, M. J., Garcia-Fernandez, M., Zonno, G., and Cella, F. (2000). Mapping soil effects in Barcelona, Spain, through an integrated GIS environment. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 19(4), 289–301. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00007-5
Kadhim, K. N., and Al-Abody, A. A. M. (2015). The geotechnical maps for bearing capacity by using GIS and quality of ground water for Al-Imam District (Babil-Iraq). International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(10), 176–184.
Kadhim, M. M., Al-Saoudi, N. K. S., and Ziboon, A. R. T. (2013). Digital geotechnical maps of Basrah city using geographical information systems technique. Engineering \& Technology Journal, 31, 599–617.
Kamal, M. A., Arshad, M. U., Khan, S. A., Zaidi, B. A., and others. (2016). Appraisal of geotechnical characteristics of soil for different zones of Faisalabad (Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
Kaur, L., Garg, P., and Grewal, G. K. (2019). Bearing Capacity Mapping of Srinagar, J&K. In International Conference on Sustainable Waste Management through Design (pp. 449–454). URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02707-0_51
Khalid, M. H., Alshameri, B., and Abid, U. (2021). Application of Kriging for development of SPT N value contour maps and USCS-based soil type qualitative contour maps for Islamabad, Pakistan. Environmental Earth Sciences, 80(11), 1–13. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09720-5
Khdir, S. H., and Saeed, K. T. (2021). Landfill Site Selection Using GIS and (AHP): Case Study of Ranya City. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 10(4), 39–49.
Koerner, R. M. (1970). Effect of particle characteristics on soil strength. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 96(4), 1221–1234. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001436
Labib, M., and Nashed, A. (2013). GIS and geotechnical mapping of expansive soil in Toshka region. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 4(3), 423–433. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2012.11.005
Manguri, S. B. H., and Hamza, A. A. (2021). Sanitary Landfill Site Selection Using Spatial-AHP for Pshdar Area, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region/Iraq. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 1–14. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00605-y
Meyerhof, G. G. (1956). Penetration tests and bearing capacity of cohesionless soils. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 82(1), 861–866. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000001
Mirzahossein, H., Sedghi, M., Habibi, H. M., and Jalali, F. (2020). Site selection methodology for emergency centers in Silk Road based on compatibility with Asian Highway network using the AHP and ArcGIS (case study: IR Iran). Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 5(3), 1–14. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00362-3
Mitchell, J. K., Soga, K., and others. (2005). Fundamentals of soil behavior (Vol. 3). John Wiley \& Sons New York.
Mohammed, M. S., Hasan, M. F., and Al-bayati, K. S. (2020). Geotechnical maps for Salah Al-Deen-Iraq. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 737(1), 12224.
Najmaddin, P. M., Salih, N. B., and Abdalla, T. A. (2020). Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of some Soil Geotechnical Properties Using Various Interpolation Methods (Case Study: Sulaimani Province, Iraq). Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 11(7), 275–281. URL: https://doi.org/DOI: 10.21608/JSSAE.2020.109461
Rashed, K. A., and Hussein, A. A. (2020). GIS as A Tool for Expansive Soil Detection at Sulaymaniyah City. Journal of Engineering, 26(6), 152–171.
Razmyar, A., and Eslami, A. (2016). Geotechnical Zoning of Municipal Districts 4 and 22 of Great Tehran. 2nd International Conference on Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture, Urban Planning and Sustainable Environment.
Razmyar, A., and Eslami, A. (2018). Evaluating the geotechnical and geophysical characteristics of expanding districts in Tehran using field experiments. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(2), 363–377.
Seko Private Construction Lab. (n.d.). Geotechnical Investigation Reports, Seko Private Construction Laboratory, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Singh, A., Noor, S., Chitra, R., Gupta, M., and Vel, N. K. (2015). GIS applications in geotechnical engineeringsome case studies. International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology, 5(2).
Sissakian, V. K. (2000). Geological Map of Iraq, 3rd edit., scale 1: 1000 000. GEOSURV, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sulaymaniyah General Construction Lab. (n.d.). Geotechnical Investigation Reports, Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government, Ministry of Construction and Housing, Sulaymaniyah General Construction Laboratory.
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., and Mesri, G. (1996). Soil mechanics in engineering practice (3rd editio). John Wiley \& Sons.
Tripathi, S. M., Chaurasia, S., and Sharma, P. K. (2021). Detection Prediction and Mapping of Chromium through QGIS and Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium by Modified Bio-Adsorbents: Kinetic and Adsorption study. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00563-4
Valverde-Palacios, I., Valverde-Espinosa, I., Irigaray, C., and Chacón, J. (2014). Geotechnical map of Holocene alluvial soil deposits in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain): a GIS approach. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 73(1), 177–192. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0540-1
Wang, J.-J., Zhang, H.-P., Tang, S.-C., and Liang, Y. (2013). Effects of particle size distribution on shear strength of accumulation soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(11), 1994–1997. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000931
Zhou, B., and Lu, N. (2021). Correlation between Atterberg limits and soil adsorptive water. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(2), 4020162. URL: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002463
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2022-06-30
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Mapping Geotechnical Soil Properties of Ranya City in Kurdistan Region of Iraq Using GIS. (2022). UKH Journal of Science and Engineering, 6(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v6n1y2022.pp69-83
UKH Journal of Science and Engineering (UKHJSE); No article submission/processing charge (ASC/APC).