The Effect of Total Quality Management on Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence from the Construction Sector in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region – Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v5n1y2021.pp29-41Keywords:
Total Quality Management, Performance, Construction Companies, Managers, Supervisors.Abstract
This empirical study seeks to examine the effect of Total Quality Management characterized by (management-leadership, employee relations, supplier management, project design, training, quality data and reporting, process management, continuous improvement, and customer focus) via organizational performance in the sector of construction in Sulaymaniyah City - Kurdistan Region - Iraq. For conducting this study, the data was collected through primary sources using a survey questionnaire to collect data from (106) leaders, heads of departments, managers, and supervisors. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical analysis tools like SPSS and SEM. The results showed that all the principles of Total Quality Management have a significant positive impact on construction company performance. The proposed model showed an acceptable fit.
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References
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Ahmed, Y. & Faeq, D. (2020). An economic Evaluation of training and its Effect on employee performance in Building Construction Directory of Sulaimani province–Kurdistan region. Qalaai Zanist Journal, 5(2), 1048-1068.
Ali, M., Omer, S. & Sadq, Z. (2018). The Role of Information System Efficiency Human Resources in the Strategic Practices of Human Resources Management. Iraqi Administrative Sciences Journal. 2(2), 219-233.
Aljaf, N. & Sadq, Z.M. (2015). The Impact of Employee Motivation on Organisational Performance. An Empirical Study at Hayat University-Erbil/Iraq. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning. 1(10), 83-93.
Ammar, M., Mohammed, A. & Sharif, M. (2017). TQM implementation in a least developed country: an exploratory study of Yeman. The TQM Journal, 29(3), 467-487.
Arditi, D., & Gunaydin, H. (1997). Total quality management in the construction process. International Journal of Project Management, 15(4), 235-243.
Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
Baye, H. & Raju, R. (2016). The extent of TQM practices in Ethiopian manufacturing firms: An empirical evaluation. International Journal of Applied Research, 2(5), 238-244.
Bilich, F. & Neto, A. (2000). Total quality management: Quality macro function model for banks. Total Quality Management, 11(1), 5-15.
Bouranta, N., Psomas, E., & Pantouvakis, A. (2017). Identifying the critical determinants of TQM and their impact on company performance. The TQM Journal. 29(1), 147-166.
Camisón, C. (1999). Total quality management in hospitality: an application of the EFQM model. Tourism Management, 17(3), 191-201.
Chowdhury, M. (2014). The necessity to incorporate TQM and QA study into the undergraduate chemistry/science/engineering curriculum. The TQM Journal, 26(1), 2-13.
Das, A., Paul, H. & Swierczek, F. (2008). Developing and validating total quality management (TQM) constructs in the context of Thailand's manufacturing industry. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 15(1), 52-72.
Deming, W. & Edwards, D. (1982). Quality, productivity, and competitive position Cambridge. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for advanced engineering study.
Demirbag, M., Tatoglu, E., Tekinkus, M. & Zaim, S. (2006). Analysis of the relationship between TQM implementation and Organizational performance. Journal of Manufacturing Technology, 17(6), 829-847.
Elghamrawy, T. & Shibayama, T. (2008). Total quality management implementation in the Egyptian construction industry. Journal of Management in Engineering, 24(3), 156-161.
Eriksson, H. & Hansson, J. (2003). The impact of TQM on financial performance. Measuring Business Excellence, 7(1), 36-50.
Evans, J. & Lindsay, W. M. (2008). Managing for quality and performance excellence (7th ed.). Mason: Thomas Corporation.
Fening, F., Amaria, P. & Frempong, E. (2013). Linkages between total quality management and organizational survival in manufacturing companies in Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(10).
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J. Mark. Res, 18(1), 39-50.
Fotopoulos, C. & Psomas, E. (2010). The structural relationships between TQM factors and organizational performance. The TQM Journal, 22(5), 539-552.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B. & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, a global perspective (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harrington, H., Voehl, F. & Wiggin, H. (2012). The TQM Journal. Applying TQM to the construction industry. The TQM Journal, 24(4), 352-362.
Hassan, M., Mukhtar, A., Qureshi, S., & Sharif, S. (2012). Impact of TQM practices on firm's performance of Pakistan's manufacturing organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(10), 232.
Haupt, C. & Whiteman, D. E. (2003). Deploying Total Quality Management on Construction Sites: Inhibiting Factors. International Journal of Construction Management, 3(2), 51-68.
Hendricks, K. & Singhal, V. (2001). The Long-Run Stock Price Performance of Firms with Effective TQM Programs. Management Science, 47(3), 359 - 368.
Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P. & Loushine, T. (2010). Barriers and benefits of quality management in the construction industry: An empirical study. Total Quality Management, 21(9), 953-969.
Hung, R. , Lien, B., Yang, B., Wu, C., & Kuo, Y. (2011). Impact of TQM and organizational learning on innovation performance in the high-tech industry. International business review, 20(2), 213-225.
Jaca, C. & Psomas, E. (2015). Total Quality Management Practices and Performance Outcomes in Spanish Service Companies. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26(9-10), 958-970.
Kanji, G. & Wong, A. (1998). Quality culture in the Construction Industry. Total Quality Management, 9(4-5), 133-140.
Kaynak, H. (2003). The relationship between total quality management practices and their effects on firm performance. Journal of operations management, 21(4), 405-435.
Koh, T. & Low, S. (2010). An empirical framework for TQM implementation in construction companies. Journal of Management in Engineering, 26(3), 133-143.
Koufteros, X. (1999). Testing a model of pull production: a paradigm for manufacturing research using structural equation modeling. Journal of operations Management, 17(4), 467-488.
Lam, S., Lee, V., Ooi, K. & Lin, B. (2011). The relationship between TQM, learning orientation and market performance in service organisations an empirical analysis. Total Quality Management & Business, 22(12), 1277–1297.
Oakland, J. & Aldridge, A. (1995). Quality management in civil and structural engineering consulting. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 12(3), 32-48.
Omachonu, V. & Ross, J. (2004). Principles of total quality. S.l.: Crc Press.
Omer, S., Sadq, Z., & Ahmed, S. (2017). The Role of Strategic Leadership Practices in Enhancing the Level of Organizational Performance. Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences, 21(5): 220-238. doi: 10.21271/zjhs.21.5.14.
Ooi, K. B., Lin, B., Teh, P., & Chong, A. (2012). Does TQM support innovation performance in Malaysia's manufacturing industry?. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(2), 366-393.
Othman, B., Khatab, J., Esmaeel, E., Mustafa, H., and Sadq, Z. (2020). The Influence of Total Quality Management on Competitive Advantage towards Bank Organizations: Evidence from Erbil/Iraq, International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(5): 3427- 3439. doi: 10.37200/I JPR/V24I5/PR202053.
Othman, H. (2014). The Role of Investment Law in Housing Construction in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region. IISTE, 4, 95-105.
Öztas, A., Özbay, E. & YeĞinobali, A. (2004). Current Status of Total Quality Management. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 15(7), 985-999.
Panuwatwanich, K. & Nguyen, T. (2017). Influence of organisational culture on total quality management implementation and firm performance: evidence from the Vietnamese construction industry. Management and Production Engineering Review, 8 (1), 5–15.
Panuwatwanich, K., Stewart, R. A. & Mohamed, S. (2008). The role of climate for innovation in enhancing business performance: the case of design firms, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15, 5, 407–422.
Pheng, L. & Teo, J. (2004). Implementing Total Quality Management in Construction Firms. Journal of Management in Engineering, 20(1), 8-15.
Rad, A. (2005). A survey of total quality management in Iran: Barriers to successful implementation in health care organizations. Leadership in Health Services, 12-34.
Rahman, S. & Bullock, P. (2005). Soft TQM, hard TQM, and organisational performance relationships: an empirical investigation. Omega, 33(1), 73-83.
Sadikoglu, E. & Zehir, C. (2010). Investigating the effects of innovation and employee performance on the relationship between total quality management practices and firm performance: An empirical study of Turkish firms. International Journal Of Production Economics, 127(1), 32-26.
Sadikoglu, E. & Olcay, H. (2014). The effects of total quality management practices on performance and the reasons of and the barriers to TQM practices in Turkey. Advances in Decision Sciences.
Sadq, Z. (2015). An Assessment of Measuring and Improving Managing Performance through Rewards at Koya University -Kurdistan Region / Iraq. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning. 1(6): 280-288.
Sadq, Z. (2019). The Relationship between Organizational Power and Job Involvement and Their Impact on Achieving Strategic Objectives (An Empirical Study of Private Hospitals Managers' Perspectives in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq). International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding. 6(5): 627-637. doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1159
Sadq, Z., Ahmad, B., Saeed, V., Othman, B. & Mohammed, H. (2020). The Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Organizational Trust and Its Impact on Achieving the Requirements of Entrepreneurship Strategy (The Case of Korek Telecom Company, Iraq). International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(2), 2639-2653.
Samson, D. & Terziovski, M. (1999). The relationship between total quality management practices and operational performance. Journal Of Operations Management, 17(4), 393-409.
Saraph, J., Benson, P. & Schroeder, R. (1989). An Instrument for Measuring the Critical Factors of Quality Management. Decision Sciences, 20(4), 810–829.
Saunders, I. & Graham, M. (1992). Total quality management in the hospitality industry. Total Quality Journal, 3(3), 243-256.
Shafiq, M., Lasrado, F. & Hafeez, K. (2019). The effect of TQM on organisational performance: empirical evidence from the textile sector of a developing country using SEM. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 30(1-2), 31-52.
Shieh, C., & Wang, I. (2006). The impact of TQM Implementation on employee’s performance in China—an example of Shanghai Fu-Shing company. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 9(3), 497-518.
Short, P. & Rahim, M. (1995) Total Quality Management in Hospitals. Total Quality Management, 6(3), 255-263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09544129550035422
Sripun, M. & Ladkin, A. (2001). Total quality management and tourism and hospitality education: the case of Thailand. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 2(1-2), 89-103.
Sui Pheng, L. & Ke-Wei, P. (1996). A framework for implementing TQM in construction. The TQM Magazine, 8(5), 39-46.
Teoman, S. & Ulengin, F. (2018). The impact of management leadership on quality performance throughout a supply chain: an empirical study. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 29(11-12), 1427-1451.
Vermeulen, W. & Crous, M. (2000). Training and education for TQM in the commercial banking industry of South Africa. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 10(1), 61-67.
Vouzas, F. & Psychogios, A. (2007). Assessing managers' awareness of TQM. The TQM Magazine, 19(1), 62-75.
Vouzas, F. & Psycohogios, A. (2007), “Assessing managers’ awareness of TQM”, The TQM Magazine, 19 (1): 62-75.
Wali, A., Omer, S. & Sadq, Z. (2016). The Role of Human Resource Development Strategies on Capabilities of Strategic Innovation (An Empirical Study at Akre Technical Institute/Kurdistan Region- Iraq). International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. 3(1): 1453-1474.
Wilkinson, A. & Witcher, B. (1993). Holistic total quality management must take account of political processes. Total Quality Management, 4(1), 47-56.
Wong, A. (1999). Total quality management in the construction industry in Hong Kong: A supply chain management perspective. Total Quality Management, 10(2), 199 - 208.
Xiaorong, N., Bojian, X. & Huili, Z. (2013). The application of total quality management in rural tourism in the context of new rural construction – the case in China. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 24(9-10), 1188-1201.
Yasamis, F., Arditi, D. & Mohammadi, J. (2002). Assessing Contractor Quality Performance. Construction Management & Economics, 20(3), 211-223.
Yusuf, Y., Gunasekaran, A. & Dan, G. (2007). Implementation of TQM in China and organisation performance: an empirical investigation. Total Quality Management, 18(5), 509-530.
Ahmed, Y. & Faeq, D. (2020). An economic Evaluation of training and its Effect on employee performance in Building Construction Directory of Sulaimani province–Kurdistan region. Qalaai Zanist Journal, 5(2), 1048-1068.
Ali, M., Omer, S. & Sadq, Z. (2018). The Role of Information System Efficiency Human Resources in the Strategic Practices of Human Resources Management. Iraqi Administrative Sciences Journal. 2(2), 219-233.
Aljaf, N. & Sadq, Z.M. (2015). The Impact of Employee Motivation on Organisational Performance. An Empirical Study at Hayat University-Erbil/Iraq. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning. 1(10), 83-93.
Ammar, M., Mohammed, A. & Sharif, M. (2017). TQM implementation in a least developed country: an exploratory study of Yeman. The TQM Journal, 29(3), 467-487.
Arditi, D., & Gunaydin, H. (1997). Total quality management in the construction process. International Journal of Project Management, 15(4), 235-243.
Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
Baye, H. & Raju, R. (2016). The extent of TQM practices in Ethiopian manufacturing firms: An empirical evaluation. International Journal of Applied Research, 2(5), 238-244.
Bilich, F. & Neto, A. (2000). Total quality management: Quality macro function model for banks. Total Quality Management, 11(1), 5-15.
Bouranta, N., Psomas, E., & Pantouvakis, A. (2017). Identifying the critical determinants of TQM and their impact on company performance. The TQM Journal. 29(1), 147-166.
Camisón, C. (1999). Total quality management in hospitality: an application of the EFQM model. Tourism Management, 17(3), 191-201.
Chowdhury, M. (2014). The necessity to incorporate TQM and QA study into the undergraduate chemistry/science/engineering curriculum. The TQM Journal, 26(1), 2-13.
Das, A., Paul, H. & Swierczek, F. (2008). Developing and validating total quality management (TQM) constructs in the context of Thailand's manufacturing industry. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 15(1), 52-72.
Deming, W. & Edwards, D. (1982). Quality, productivity, and competitive position Cambridge. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for advanced engineering study.
Demirbag, M., Tatoglu, E., Tekinkus, M. & Zaim, S. (2006). Analysis of the relationship between TQM implementation and Organizational performance. Journal of Manufacturing Technology, 17(6), 829-847.
Elghamrawy, T. & Shibayama, T. (2008). Total quality management implementation in the Egyptian construction industry. Journal of Management in Engineering, 24(3), 156-161.
Eriksson, H. & Hansson, J. (2003). The impact of TQM on financial performance. Measuring Business Excellence, 7(1), 36-50.
Evans, J. & Lindsay, W. M. (2008). Managing for quality and performance excellence (7th ed.). Mason: Thomas Corporation.
Fening, F., Amaria, P. & Frempong, E. (2013). Linkages between total quality management and organizational survival in manufacturing companies in Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(10).
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J. Mark. Res, 18(1), 39-50.
Fotopoulos, C. & Psomas, E. (2010). The structural relationships between TQM factors and organizational performance. The TQM Journal, 22(5), 539-552.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B. & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, a global perspective (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harrington, H., Voehl, F. & Wiggin, H. (2012). The TQM Journal. Applying TQM to the construction industry. The TQM Journal, 24(4), 352-362.
Hassan, M., Mukhtar, A., Qureshi, S., & Sharif, S. (2012). Impact of TQM practices on firm's performance of Pakistan's manufacturing organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(10), 232.
Haupt, C. & Whiteman, D. E. (2003). Deploying Total Quality Management on Construction Sites: Inhibiting Factors. International Journal of Construction Management, 3(2), 51-68.
Hendricks, K. & Singhal, V. (2001). The Long-Run Stock Price Performance of Firms with Effective TQM Programs. Management Science, 47(3), 359 - 368.
Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P. & Loushine, T. (2010). Barriers and benefits of quality management in the construction industry: An empirical study. Total Quality Management, 21(9), 953-969.
Hung, R. , Lien, B., Yang, B., Wu, C., & Kuo, Y. (2011). Impact of TQM and organizational learning on innovation performance in the high-tech industry. International business review, 20(2), 213-225.
Jaca, C. & Psomas, E. (2015). Total Quality Management Practices and Performance Outcomes in Spanish Service Companies. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26(9-10), 958-970.
Kanji, G. & Wong, A. (1998). Quality culture in the Construction Industry. Total Quality Management, 9(4-5), 133-140.
Kaynak, H. (2003). The relationship between total quality management practices and their effects on firm performance. Journal of operations management, 21(4), 405-435.
Koh, T. & Low, S. (2010). An empirical framework for TQM implementation in construction companies. Journal of Management in Engineering, 26(3), 133-143.
Koufteros, X. (1999). Testing a model of pull production: a paradigm for manufacturing research using structural equation modeling. Journal of operations Management, 17(4), 467-488.
Lam, S., Lee, V., Ooi, K. & Lin, B. (2011). The relationship between TQM, learning orientation and market performance in service organisations an empirical analysis. Total Quality Management & Business, 22(12), 1277–1297.
Oakland, J. & Aldridge, A. (1995). Quality management in civil and structural engineering consulting. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 12(3), 32-48.
Omachonu, V. & Ross, J. (2004). Principles of total quality. S.l.: Crc Press.
Omer, S., Sadq, Z., & Ahmed, S. (2017). The Role of Strategic Leadership Practices in Enhancing the Level of Organizational Performance. Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences, 21(5): 220-238. doi: 10.21271/zjhs.21.5.14.
Ooi, K. B., Lin, B., Teh, P., & Chong, A. (2012). Does TQM support innovation performance in Malaysia's manufacturing industry?. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(2), 366-393.
Othman, B., Khatab, J., Esmaeel, E., Mustafa, H., and Sadq, Z. (2020). The Influence of Total Quality Management on Competitive Advantage towards Bank Organizations: Evidence from Erbil/Iraq, International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(5): 3427- 3439. doi: 10.37200/I JPR/V24I5/PR202053.
Othman, H. (2014). The Role of Investment Law in Housing Construction in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region. IISTE, 4, 95-105.
Öztas, A., Özbay, E. & YeĞinobali, A. (2004). Current Status of Total Quality Management. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 15(7), 985-999.
Panuwatwanich, K. & Nguyen, T. (2017). Influence of organisational culture on total quality management implementation and firm performance: evidence from the Vietnamese construction industry. Management and Production Engineering Review, 8 (1), 5–15.
Panuwatwanich, K., Stewart, R. A. & Mohamed, S. (2008). The role of climate for innovation in enhancing business performance: the case of design firms, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15, 5, 407–422.
Pheng, L. & Teo, J. (2004). Implementing Total Quality Management in Construction Firms. Journal of Management in Engineering, 20(1), 8-15.
Rad, A. (2005). A survey of total quality management in Iran: Barriers to successful implementation in health care organizations. Leadership in Health Services, 12-34.
Rahman, S. & Bullock, P. (2005). Soft TQM, hard TQM, and organisational performance relationships: an empirical investigation. Omega, 33(1), 73-83.
Sadikoglu, E. & Zehir, C. (2010). Investigating the effects of innovation and employee performance on the relationship between total quality management practices and firm performance: An empirical study of Turkish firms. International Journal Of Production Economics, 127(1), 32-26.
Sadikoglu, E. & Olcay, H. (2014). The effects of total quality management practices on performance and the reasons of and the barriers to TQM practices in Turkey. Advances in Decision Sciences.
Sadq, Z. (2015). An Assessment of Measuring and Improving Managing Performance through Rewards at Koya University -Kurdistan Region / Iraq. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning. 1(6): 280-288.
Sadq, Z. (2019). The Relationship between Organizational Power and Job Involvement and Their Impact on Achieving Strategic Objectives (An Empirical Study of Private Hospitals Managers' Perspectives in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq). International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding. 6(5): 627-637. doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1159
Sadq, Z., Ahmad, B., Saeed, V., Othman, B. & Mohammed, H. (2020). The Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Organizational Trust and Its Impact on Achieving the Requirements of Entrepreneurship Strategy (The Case of Korek Telecom Company, Iraq). International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(2), 2639-2653.
Samson, D. & Terziovski, M. (1999). The relationship between total quality management practices and operational performance. Journal Of Operations Management, 17(4), 393-409.
Saraph, J., Benson, P. & Schroeder, R. (1989). An Instrument for Measuring the Critical Factors of Quality Management. Decision Sciences, 20(4), 810–829.
Saunders, I. & Graham, M. (1992). Total quality management in the hospitality industry. Total Quality Journal, 3(3), 243-256.
Shafiq, M., Lasrado, F. & Hafeez, K. (2019). The effect of TQM on organisational performance: empirical evidence from the textile sector of a developing country using SEM. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 30(1-2), 31-52.
Shieh, C., & Wang, I. (2006). The impact of TQM Implementation on employee’s performance in China—an example of Shanghai Fu-Shing company. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 9(3), 497-518.
Short, P. & Rahim, M. (1995) Total Quality Management in Hospitals. Total Quality Management, 6(3), 255-263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09544129550035422
Sripun, M. & Ladkin, A. (2001). Total quality management and tourism and hospitality education: the case of Thailand. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 2(1-2), 89-103.
Sui Pheng, L. & Ke-Wei, P. (1996). A framework for implementing TQM in construction. The TQM Magazine, 8(5), 39-46.
Teoman, S. & Ulengin, F. (2018). The impact of management leadership on quality performance throughout a supply chain: an empirical study. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 29(11-12), 1427-1451.
Vermeulen, W. & Crous, M. (2000). Training and education for TQM in the commercial banking industry of South Africa. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 10(1), 61-67.
Vouzas, F. & Psychogios, A. (2007). Assessing managers' awareness of TQM. The TQM Magazine, 19(1), 62-75.
Vouzas, F. & Psycohogios, A. (2007), “Assessing managers’ awareness of TQM”, The TQM Magazine, 19 (1): 62-75.
Wali, A., Omer, S. & Sadq, Z. (2016). The Role of Human Resource Development Strategies on Capabilities of Strategic Innovation (An Empirical Study at Akre Technical Institute/Kurdistan Region- Iraq). International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. 3(1): 1453-1474.
Wilkinson, A. & Witcher, B. (1993). Holistic total quality management must take account of political processes. Total Quality Management, 4(1), 47-56.
Wong, A. (1999). Total quality management in the construction industry in Hong Kong: A supply chain management perspective. Total Quality Management, 10(2), 199 - 208.
Xiaorong, N., Bojian, X. & Huili, Z. (2013). The application of total quality management in rural tourism in the context of new rural construction – the case in China. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 24(9-10), 1188-1201.
Yasamis, F., Arditi, D. & Mohammadi, J. (2002). Assessing Contractor Quality Performance. Construction Management & Economics, 20(3), 211-223.
Yusuf, Y., Gunasekaran, A. & Dan, G. (2007). Implementation of TQM in China and organisation performance: an empirical investigation. Total Quality Management, 18(5), 509-530.
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2021-06-30
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How to Cite
The Effect of Total Quality Management on Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence from the Construction Sector in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region – Iraq. (2021). UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v5n1y2021.pp29-41
