The Impact of Servant Leadership on Positive Affectivity: Mediating by Career Adaptability
Keywords:
Servant Leadership, Career Adaptability, CA, Positive Affectivity, Hotel Employees
Abstract
Career adaptability (CA) in terms of concern, control, curiosity, and confidence exhibited like a mediator between servant leadership and positive affectivity and is the main focus of the present study's conceptual model. In Sulaymaniyah city in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, hotel workers collected information. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the collected data from five-star hotel workers at Sulaymaniyah. The constructs are meaningful and dependable via exploratory factor analysis with reliability testing. Factor analysis demonstrates high convergent and discriminative validity of the results. A complete mediator linking servant leadership and good effectiveness were found to be the CA. In hotel business, embracing a servant leadership approach may enhance personal resources and improve career adaptability.
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References
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Ahmed, Y. A. & Faeq, D. K. (2020). An economic Evaluation of training and its Effect on employee performance in Building Construction Directory of Sulaimani province–Kurdistan region. Qalaai Zanist Journal, 5(2), 1048-1068.
Alafeshat, R. & Tanova, C. (2019). Servant Leadership Style and High-Performance Work System Practices: Pathway to a Sustainable Jordanian Airline Industry. Sustainability, 11(22), 6191.
Anderson, J.C. & Gerbing, D.W. (1982). Some methods for respecifying measurement models to obtain unidimensional construct measurement. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 453-460.
Bagozzi, R. P. & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
Barsade, S. G. & Gibson, D. E. (2007). Why does affect matter in organizations?. Academy of management perspectives, 21(1), 36-59.
Boon, C., Den Hartog, D. N. & Lepak, D. P. (2019). A systematic review of human resource management systems and their measurement. Journal of management, 45(6), 2498-2537.
UKH Journal of Social Sciences | Volume 6 • Number 2 • 2022 17
Chong, S. & Leong, F.T.L. (2015). Antecedents of career adaptability in strategic career management. Journal of Career Assessment. 25(2). DOI: 10.1177/1069072715621522.
Donia, M. B., Raja, U., Panaccio, A. & Wang, Z. (2016). Servant leadership and employee outcomes: The moderating role of subordinates’ motives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(5), 722-734.
Erdogan, B. & Bauer, T. N. (2014). Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory: The relational approach to. The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations, 407-434.
Faeq, D. K. (2022). The importance of employee involvement in work activities to overall productivity. International Journal of Humanities and Education Development (IJHED), 4(5), 15-26.
Faeq, D. K., Ali, B. J. & Akoi, S. (2022a). The Impact of People Related TQM and CSR on Employees Job Satisfaction. UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 1-9.
Faeq, D., Garanti, Z. & Sadq, Z. (2021). The Effect of Total Quality Management on Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence from the Construction Sector in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region – Iraq. UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 29-41.
Faeq, D. K., Zyad, K. & Hassan, R. (2022b). Impact of resonant leadership in reducing workplace bullying: A case from Sulaymaniyah chamber of commerce & industry. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 11(6), 264-276.
Faraj, K. M., Faeq, D. K., Abdulla, D. F., Ali, B. J. & Sadq, Z. M. (2021). Total Quality Management And Hotel Employee Creative Performance: The Mediation Role Of Job Embeddedment. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(1), 3838-3855.
Faraz, N. A., Mughal, M. F., Ahmed, F., Raza, A. & Iqbal, M. K.(2019) The Impact of Servant Leadership on Employees’ Innovative Work Behaviour-Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 5(3), 10-21.
Fiori, M., Bollmann, G. & Rossier, J. (2015). Exploring the path through which career adaptability increases job satisfaction and lowers job stress: The role of affect. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 113-121.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gefen, D., Straub, D.W. & Boudreau, M.C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the AIS, 4 (4), 1-79.
Griffin, M. A., Parker, S. K. & Mason, C. M. (2010). Leader vision and the development of adaptive and proactive performance: a longitudinal study. Journal of applied psychology, 95(1), 174.
Hale, J. R. & Fields, D. L. (2007). Exploring servant leadership across cultures: A study of followers in Ghana and the United States. Leadership, 3(4), 397–417.
Hirschi, V., Frederix, R., Frixione, S., Garzelli, M. V., Maltoni, F. & Pittau, R. (2011). Automation of one-loop QCD computations. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2011(5), 44.
Iverson, R. D., Olekalns, M. & Erwin, P. J. (1998). Affectivity, organizational stressors, and absenteeism: A causal model of burnout and its consequences. Journal of Vocational behavior, 52(1), 1-23.
Jang, J. & Kandampully, J. (2018). Reducing employee turnover intention through servant leadership in the restaurant context: A mediation study of affective organizational commitment. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 19(2), 125-141.
Karacan Özdemir, N. & Yerin Güneri, O. (2017). The Factors Contribute to Career Adaptability of High-School Students. Graduate School Of Social Sciences (PhD Thesis), Middle East Technical University. URL: https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/25549.
Karatepe, O. M. & Olugbade, O. A. (2017). The effects of work social support and career adaptability on career satisfaction and turnover intentions. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(3), 337-355.
Karatepe, O. M., Ozturk, A. & Kim, T. T. (2019). Servant leadership, organisational trust, and bank employee outcomes. The Service Industries Journal, 39(2), 86-108.
Koen, J., Klehe, U. C. & Van Vianen, A. E. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395-408.
Lan, Y. & Chen, Z. (2020). Transformational Leadership, Career Adaptability, and Work Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Task Variety. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2922.
Langhof, J. G. & Güldenberg, S. (2020). Servant leadership: A systematic literature review—Toward a model of antecedents and outcomes. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(1), 32-68.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., & Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1434-1452.
UKH Journal of Social Sciences | Volume 6 • Number 2 • 2022 18
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H. & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The leadership quarterly, 19(2), 161-177.
Maggiori, C., Johnston, C. S., Krings, F., Massoudi, K. & Rossier, J. (2013). The role of career adaptability and work conditions on general and professional well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 437-449.
Melchar, D. E. & Bosco, S. M. (2010). Achieving high organization performance through servant leadership. The Journal of Business Inquiry, 9(1), 74-88. URL: https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=gsb_fp.
Nilforooshan, P. & Salimi, S. (2016). Career adaptability as a mediator between personality and career engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 1-10.
Ohme, M. & Zacher, H. (2015). Job performance ratings: The relative importance of mental ability, conscientiousness, and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 161-170.
Psrameswaran, R. & Yapark, A. (1987). A cross- national comparIson of consumer research measures. Journal of international business studies, 18(1), 35-49.
Sadq, Z. M., Faeq, D. K. & Abdulla, D. (2021). Role of Servant leadership in achieving and developing employee’s career satisfaction and Intention to remain with the organization: an empirical study of tourst companies in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Ecoforum Journal, 10(1).
Safavi, H. P. & Karatepe, O. M. (2018). High-performance work practices and hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(2), 1112-1133.
Savickas, M.L. & Porfeli, E.J. (2012). Career adapt-abilities scale: construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661-673.
Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life‐span, life‐space theory. The career development quarterly, 45(3), 247-259.
Schwarz, G., Newman, A., Cooper, B. & Eva, N. (2016). Servant leadership and follower job performance: The mediating effect of public service motivation. Public Administration, 94(4), 1025-1041.
Stone, A. G., Russell, R. F. & Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 349-361.
Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis?. Statistics and Data Analysis, University of Northern Colorado. URL: https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.pdf.
Wang, H. J., Demerouti, E. & Le Blanc, P. (2017). Transformational leadership, adaptability, and job crafting: The moderating role of organizational identification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, 185-195.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Wood, R. & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of management Review, 14(3), 361-384.
Yang, X., Feng, Y., Qiu, Y. & Meng, Y. (2019). Career Adaptability, Work Engagement and Employee Well-being among Chinese Employees: The Role of Guanxi. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1029.
Yavas, U., Karatepe, O. M., & Babakus, E. (2018). Does positive affectivity moderate the effect of burnout on job outcomes? An empirical investigation among hotel employees. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 17(3), 360-374.
Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in Organizations (7th ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Ahmed, Y. A. & Faeq, D. K. (2020). An economic Evaluation of training and its Effect on employee performance in Building Construction Directory of Sulaimani province–Kurdistan region. Qalaai Zanist Journal, 5(2), 1048-1068.
Alafeshat, R. & Tanova, C. (2019). Servant Leadership Style and High-Performance Work System Practices: Pathway to a Sustainable Jordanian Airline Industry. Sustainability, 11(22), 6191.
Anderson, J.C. & Gerbing, D.W. (1982). Some methods for respecifying measurement models to obtain unidimensional construct measurement. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 453-460.
Bagozzi, R. P. & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
Barsade, S. G. & Gibson, D. E. (2007). Why does affect matter in organizations?. Academy of management perspectives, 21(1), 36-59.
Boon, C., Den Hartog, D. N. & Lepak, D. P. (2019). A systematic review of human resource management systems and their measurement. Journal of management, 45(6), 2498-2537.
UKH Journal of Social Sciences | Volume 6 • Number 2 • 2022 17
Chong, S. & Leong, F.T.L. (2015). Antecedents of career adaptability in strategic career management. Journal of Career Assessment. 25(2). DOI: 10.1177/1069072715621522.
Donia, M. B., Raja, U., Panaccio, A. & Wang, Z. (2016). Servant leadership and employee outcomes: The moderating role of subordinates’ motives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(5), 722-734.
Erdogan, B. & Bauer, T. N. (2014). Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory: The relational approach to. The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations, 407-434.
Faeq, D. K. (2022). The importance of employee involvement in work activities to overall productivity. International Journal of Humanities and Education Development (IJHED), 4(5), 15-26.
Faeq, D. K., Ali, B. J. & Akoi, S. (2022a). The Impact of People Related TQM and CSR on Employees Job Satisfaction. UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 1-9.
Faeq, D., Garanti, Z. & Sadq, Z. (2021). The Effect of Total Quality Management on Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence from the Construction Sector in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region – Iraq. UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 29-41.
Faeq, D. K., Zyad, K. & Hassan, R. (2022b). Impact of resonant leadership in reducing workplace bullying: A case from Sulaymaniyah chamber of commerce & industry. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 11(6), 264-276.
Faraj, K. M., Faeq, D. K., Abdulla, D. F., Ali, B. J. & Sadq, Z. M. (2021). Total Quality Management And Hotel Employee Creative Performance: The Mediation Role Of Job Embeddedment. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(1), 3838-3855.
Faraz, N. A., Mughal, M. F., Ahmed, F., Raza, A. & Iqbal, M. K.(2019) The Impact of Servant Leadership on Employees’ Innovative Work Behaviour-Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 5(3), 10-21.
Fiori, M., Bollmann, G. & Rossier, J. (2015). Exploring the path through which career adaptability increases job satisfaction and lowers job stress: The role of affect. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 113-121.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gefen, D., Straub, D.W. & Boudreau, M.C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the AIS, 4 (4), 1-79.
Griffin, M. A., Parker, S. K. & Mason, C. M. (2010). Leader vision and the development of adaptive and proactive performance: a longitudinal study. Journal of applied psychology, 95(1), 174.
Hale, J. R. & Fields, D. L. (2007). Exploring servant leadership across cultures: A study of followers in Ghana and the United States. Leadership, 3(4), 397–417.
Hirschi, V., Frederix, R., Frixione, S., Garzelli, M. V., Maltoni, F. & Pittau, R. (2011). Automation of one-loop QCD computations. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2011(5), 44.
Iverson, R. D., Olekalns, M. & Erwin, P. J. (1998). Affectivity, organizational stressors, and absenteeism: A causal model of burnout and its consequences. Journal of Vocational behavior, 52(1), 1-23.
Jang, J. & Kandampully, J. (2018). Reducing employee turnover intention through servant leadership in the restaurant context: A mediation study of affective organizational commitment. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 19(2), 125-141.
Karacan Özdemir, N. & Yerin Güneri, O. (2017). The Factors Contribute to Career Adaptability of High-School Students. Graduate School Of Social Sciences (PhD Thesis), Middle East Technical University. URL: https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/25549.
Karatepe, O. M. & Olugbade, O. A. (2017). The effects of work social support and career adaptability on career satisfaction and turnover intentions. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(3), 337-355.
Karatepe, O. M., Ozturk, A. & Kim, T. T. (2019). Servant leadership, organisational trust, and bank employee outcomes. The Service Industries Journal, 39(2), 86-108.
Koen, J., Klehe, U. C. & Van Vianen, A. E. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395-408.
Lan, Y. & Chen, Z. (2020). Transformational Leadership, Career Adaptability, and Work Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Task Variety. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2922.
Langhof, J. G. & Güldenberg, S. (2020). Servant leadership: A systematic literature review—Toward a model of antecedents and outcomes. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(1), 32-68.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., & Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1434-1452.
UKH Journal of Social Sciences | Volume 6 • Number 2 • 2022 18
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H. & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The leadership quarterly, 19(2), 161-177.
Maggiori, C., Johnston, C. S., Krings, F., Massoudi, K. & Rossier, J. (2013). The role of career adaptability and work conditions on general and professional well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 437-449.
Melchar, D. E. & Bosco, S. M. (2010). Achieving high organization performance through servant leadership. The Journal of Business Inquiry, 9(1), 74-88. URL: https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=gsb_fp.
Nilforooshan, P. & Salimi, S. (2016). Career adaptability as a mediator between personality and career engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 1-10.
Ohme, M. & Zacher, H. (2015). Job performance ratings: The relative importance of mental ability, conscientiousness, and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 161-170.
Psrameswaran, R. & Yapark, A. (1987). A cross- national comparIson of consumer research measures. Journal of international business studies, 18(1), 35-49.
Sadq, Z. M., Faeq, D. K. & Abdulla, D. (2021). Role of Servant leadership in achieving and developing employee’s career satisfaction and Intention to remain with the organization: an empirical study of tourst companies in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Ecoforum Journal, 10(1).
Safavi, H. P. & Karatepe, O. M. (2018). High-performance work practices and hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(2), 1112-1133.
Savickas, M.L. & Porfeli, E.J. (2012). Career adapt-abilities scale: construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661-673.
Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life‐span, life‐space theory. The career development quarterly, 45(3), 247-259.
Schwarz, G., Newman, A., Cooper, B. & Eva, N. (2016). Servant leadership and follower job performance: The mediating effect of public service motivation. Public Administration, 94(4), 1025-1041.
Stone, A. G., Russell, R. F. & Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 349-361.
Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis?. Statistics and Data Analysis, University of Northern Colorado. URL: https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.pdf.
Wang, H. J., Demerouti, E. & Le Blanc, P. (2017). Transformational leadership, adaptability, and job crafting: The moderating role of organizational identification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, 185-195.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Wood, R. & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of management Review, 14(3), 361-384.
Yang, X., Feng, Y., Qiu, Y. & Meng, Y. (2019). Career Adaptability, Work Engagement and Employee Well-being among Chinese Employees: The Role of Guanxi. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1029.
Yavas, U., Karatepe, O. M., & Babakus, E. (2018). Does positive affectivity moderate the effect of burnout on job outcomes? An empirical investigation among hotel employees. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 17(3), 360-374.
Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in Organizations (7th ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Published
2022-12-27
How to Cite
Faeq, D., & Ali, B. (2022, December 27). The Impact of Servant Leadership on Positive Affectivity: Mediating by Career Adaptability. UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 9-18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v6n2y2022.pp9-18
Section
Research Articles
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