Assessment of the Carbonate Rocks of the Pila Spi Formation for Cement Industry, in Permam Mountain, Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Authors

  • Varoujan K. Sissakian Department of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, School of Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-5422
  • Dalyia A. Hamoodi Department of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, School of Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq
  • Hassan O. Omer Department of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, School of Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0232-5653
  • Sazan A. Nyazi Graduated, University of Kurdistan Hewler

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v3n1y2019.pp1-9

Keywords:

Cement industry, Dolomite, Limestone, Mixing ratios

Abstract

The Pila Spi Formation is exposed in Permam Mountain forming its carapace, and continuous ridges for few hundreds of kilometers. The rocks of the formation are mainly dolomitic limestone, dolomite, and limestone with various proportions. The thickness of the formation in Permam Mountain is about 100 m. Nine samples are collected from the Pila Spi Formation along a recently road cut across Permam Mountain. The sampling interval varies from 10 to 15 m. The collected samples were subjected to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy test to indicate the percentages of the main oxides in the samples. The results showed that the chemical composition of samples No. 1 and 9 meet the Iraqi standards for cement industry, whereas the remaining samples (Nos. 2–8) do not meet the Iraqi standards, and their total thickness is 80 m. To evaluate the suitability of the exposed rocks for cement industry in the sampled section within the Pila Spi Formation, different ratios of sample No. 1 were mixed with different ratios of a sample called sample No. A, it represents a mixture of samples No. 2–8. The mixing ratios are: (Sample No. 1/sample No. A) 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10. The same procedure was repeated for Sample No. 9. Another attempt was performed by mixing equal ratios of samples Nos. 1 and 9 with the same performed ratios with sample No. A.The chemical compositions of the samples were indicated using XRF test. The results showed that the best mixing ratios for the cement industry are 90:10, 80:20, and 70: 30 (samples Nos. 1+9: sample No. A).

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Varoujan K. Sissakian, Department of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, School of Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq

    Mr. Varoujan K. Sissakian graduated from University of Baghdad in 1969 with B.Sc. degree in Geology, and M.Sc. in Engineering Geological Mapping from I.T.C., the Netherlands in 1982. He joined Iraq Geological Survey (GEOSURV) in 1971 and was nominated as Expert in 2005; he was the Director of Geology Department since May 2004 until October 2012. He has 125 documented reports in GEOSURV's library and 105 published articles in different geological aspects in different geological journals. He was the Deputy Vice President of the Middle East Subcommission of the Committee of Compilation the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), Paris, from February 2010 until August 2012. Retired on 10 October 2012. His major fields of interest are geological mapping, stratigraphy of the Iraqi territory, site investigation, and geological hazards. He was Visiting Lecturer at the University of Kurdistan Hewler since October 2014 and Lecturer since February 2017.

  • Dalyia A. Hamoodi, Department of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, School of Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq

    Ms.Dalyia fininshed her master degree in 2009 from Warsaw University,  and she is specialized in Microbiology. She gradauted in 2006 from Al-Mustansyria University where she obatined her Bachelor degree in Biology.  She worked for four years in Baghdad University in the medical school, and she is working currently in the University of Kurdistan Hewler since 2015 as an assistant lecturer in Microbiology.

  • Hassan O. Omer, Department of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, School of Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq

    Mr. Hassan holds a B.Sc. in Geology from the university of Damascus (Syria) in Geophysics, master student in his second year. His area of expertise covers, drilling oil and water wells, wellsite geologist, Core processing engineer, and mud logging. He had worked with several international oil companies in Kurdistan; Gazprom, ALS Group and Taqa Energy. Currently he is working as Lab assistant in geology at University of Kurdistan Hewler.

  • Sazan A. Nyazi, Graduated, University of Kurdistan Hewler

    She is graduated as Mineral Resources Engineer, in 2018, from the Unversity of Kurdistan Hewler.

References

Al-Bassam, K. S. (2007). Minerogenic Map of Iraq, Scale 1: 1000000. Explanatory Text, Iraq. Baghdad, Iraq: Geological Publications. p. 25.

Al-Bassam, K. S. (2008). Mineral Exploration. Iraq Geological Survey Work Procedures, Part 14. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 2133.

Al-Jiburi, H. & Al-Basrawi, N. (2013). Hydrogeological Map of Iraq, Scale 1:1000000. 2nd ed. Baghdad, Iraq: Iraq Geological Survey Publications.

Al-Murib, S. (1980). Report on Prospecting Works on Limestone for Cement Industry in Southern Qara Chouq Mountain. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 1057.

Al-Rufaie, A. & Muhamad, S. (1976). Report on the geological prospecting of limestone deposit suitable for cement purpose at Qara Choug Mountain, Khoshao locality, Arbil. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No.1786.

Al-Rufaie, I. (1976). Investigation of limestone suitable for cement industry in Qara Chauq mountain, Khoshao area. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 1379.

Bates, R. L. & Jackson, J. A. (2005). Glossary of Geology. 5th ed. Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 779.

Bell, F. G. (2007). Basic Environmental and Engineering Geology. Dunbeath: Whittles Publishing Limited.

Bellen, R. C. van Dunnington, H. V., Wetzel, R. & Morton, D. (1959). Lexique Stratigraphic International. 10th ed. Iraq, Paris: Asie, Fasc.

Bliss, J. D., Hayes, T. S. & Orris, G. J. (2008). Limestone: A Crucial and Versatile Industrial Mineral Commodity. Geology.com, Republished from USGS Fact Sheet N0. 2008-3089.

Bristish Geological Survey. (2005). Cement Raw Materials. Internet Data. Available from: https://www.cemnet.com/public/courses/srm01L1/story_content/external_files
/Cement%20Raw%20Materials.pdf. [Last accessed 2018 Sep 4]

Etabi, W. & Ahmed, S. (1979). Final Report on Prospecting Exploration of Tasluja Limestone Deposit Suitable for Portland Cement. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 961.

Goguen, C. (2014). Portland-Limestone Cement. Precast Incorporation Magazine. Available from: https://www.precast.org/2014/06/portland-limestone-cement. [Last accessed 2018 Sep 4]

Hafidh, S. Q. & Abdul, H. A. (2008). Exploration of Limestone Suitable for Cement Industry in Categories C1 and B at Sartak South of Derbendikhan. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 3125a.

Hafidh, S. Q. & Khlaif, H. O. (2007). Mineral Exploration and Reserve Estimation in Category C1 of the Carbonate Rocks Suitable for Cement Manufacturing at Tasluja, Sulaimaniyah on the Behalf of Sarchinar Cement Plant. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 3038.

Hafidh, S. Q., Al-Jiburi, B. S. & Basheer, W. P. (2011). Detailed Geological Survey at Scale of 1:5000 in Southern Qara Chauq Mountain, Block/A, for Investigation of Limestone Suitable for Cement Industry in Behalf of Kar Company. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 3400.

Hafidh, S. Q., Ruhman, A., Al-Abaas, F. A., Rasheed, A. Y. & Qanbar, A. S. (2008a). Preliminary Geological Studies of
Limestone Suitable for Cement Industry in Sartak and Kani Kel Vicinity Southeast of Darbandi Khan Southeast of Sulaimaniyah Governorate. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 3125b.

Hafidh, S. Q., Salih, H. A. & Abbas, A. K. A. (2008c). Preliminary Geological Studies on Limestone Suitable for Cement Industry, West of Suliamaniyah on the Behalf of Washa Co. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 3127.

Hafidh, S. Q., Salih, H. A. & Mahmoud, A. A. (2008b). Preliminary Studies on Limestone Suitable for Cement Industry, in Agh Jallar Vicinity on the Behalf of Mawlawi Co. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 3128.

Jaber, F. S. & Al-Ubaidi, H. (1973). Kani China Recrystalline Limestone. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 524.

Kuepper, J. (2018). Canada’s Mineral Resource Classification Scheme NI 43-101 Report. Internet Data. Available from: https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-ni-43-101-report-1979210. [Lastaccessed 2018 Sep 4]

Mansour, J. & Petranek, J. (1980). Major Occurrences and Deposits of Limestone in Iraq. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 1073.

Mansour, J. (1976). Reconnaissance of the Kirkuk, Erbil, Sulaimaniyah Area on Search for Raw Materials in Connection with Proposed Cement Works. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 768.

Mansour, J. (1977). Preliminary Examination of the Raw Materials for Al-Tamim Cement Project. Iraq Geological Survey Library Report No. 840.

Moon, C. J., Whateley, M. K. G. & Evans, A. M., editors. (2006). Introduction to Mineral Exploration. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 496.

Mustafa, M. M. & Benni, T. J. (2014). Mineral resources of the high folded zone. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 6, 185-198.

Sissakian, V. K. & Fouad, S. F. (2012). Geological Map of Iraq, Scale1:1000000. 4th ed. Baghdad, Iraq: Iraq Geological Publications.

Sissakian, V. K. & Fouad, S. F. (2014A). Geological Map of Sulaimaniyah Quadrangle, Scale 1: 250000. 2nd ed. Baghdad, Iraq: Iraq Geological Publications.

Sissakian, V. K. & Fouad, S. F. (2014B). Geological Map of Kirkuk Quadrangle, Scale 1: 250000. 2nd ed. Baghdad, Iraq: Iraq Geological Publications.

Sissakian, V. K. & Fouad, S. F. (2014C). Geological Map of Erbil and Mahabad Quadrangles, Scale 1: 250000. 2nd ed. Baghdad, Iraq: Iraq Geological Publications.

Sissakian, V. K. & Saeed, Z. B. (2012). Lithological map of Iraq, compiled using GIS techniques. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 8, 1-13.

Stefanidou, M. & Papayianni, I. (2012). Influence of nano-SiO2 on the Portland cement pastes. Composites, Part B: Engineering, 43, 2706-2710.

Published

2019-03-01

Issue

Section

Research Articles

How to Cite

Assessment of the Carbonate Rocks of the Pila Spi Formation for Cement Industry, in Permam Mountain, Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. (2019). UKH Journal of Science and Engineering, 3(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v3n1y2019.pp1-9

Most read articles by the same author(s)