Private Sector Development Analysis in Post-Conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v6n2y2022.pp19-32Keywords:
Private Sector Development, Post-Conflict Area, Tax Incentives, Interest Rate Subsidy, Kurdistan Region of IraqAbstract
Private sector development (PSD) has been a vital part of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)’s economic development policy since the very beginning of the development of the region. The objective of this paper is to critically analyse private sector development in post-conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). A qualitative method of critical review to the development of private sector in the use of official documents is used from 2006 to 2016. It is concluded that because of the key challenges facing the private sector and a weak synergy between private and public sector, the KRG polices, and the experience of private sector were not effective in favour of the economy of Kurdistan. This was possibly due to the failure of the KRG in monitoring and evaluating the impact of those polices, political consideration in the way of doing business, internal conflict, and poor institutional system of the region. Public policy implication of this study is that there must be a close tied up of PSD programme to governance and interventions of peacebuilding. Most importantly, promoting the rule of law in the way that political actors should have neither influence on legal system nor on businesses.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. (2019). Rents and Economic Development: The Perspective of Why Nations Fail. Public Choice, 181(1–2), 13–28. DOI: 10.1007/s11127-019-00645-z.
Adelina-Geanina, I. (2011). Monetary Policy and Economic Policy. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 1(2), 1–204.
Ahmed, M. M. A. (2012). Regional Economic Development and Its Negative Fallout. Pp. 67–84 in Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
Ali Saleem, Z. & Skelton, M. (2020). Assessing Iraqi Kurdistan’s Stability: How Patronage Shapes Conflict. London, UK.
Alsultan, S. (2021). Tax Incentives in Three Common Markets. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Forthcoming, 50(2).
Amir Hussin, M. R. (July 2018). Rationalization of Using Practical Action Research Method in Course Development for Entrepreneurship Training Programme. in 3rd UUM International Qualitative Research Conference (QRC) 10-12 July 2018 Melaka, Malaysia. Melaka, Malaysia: College of Business, University Utara Malaysia.
Appiah-Kubi, S. N. K., Malec, K., Phiri, J., Maitah, M., Gebeltová, Z., Smutka, L., Blazek, V., et al. (2021). Impact of Tax Incentives on Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Africa. Sustainability, 13(15), 8661. DOI: 10.3390/su13158661.
Atherton, A. & Smallbone, D. (2013). Promoting Private Sector Development in China: The Challenge of Building Institutional Capacity at the Local Level. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 31(1), 5–23. DOI: 10.1068/c1125b.
Bailey, K. (2008). Methods of Social Research (4th ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Bizhan, N. (2018). Aid and State-Building, Part II: Afghanistan and Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 39(5), 1014–1031. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2018.1447369.
Board of Investment - KRG (2019). List of Licensed Projects in Kurdistan Region-Erbil. Erbil.
Board of Investment - KRG (2006). Investment Law. Kurdistan Region: Board of Investment.
Buckley, P. J. (2014). Twenty Years of the World Investment Report: Retrospect and Prospects. pp. 363–385 in The Multinational Enterprise and the Emergence of the Global Factory. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (2003). Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge and Action Research. London: Routledge.
Chohan, U. (2019). Documentary Research: Positing Innovations in a National Budget Process. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Dailami, M. & Leipziger, D. (1998). Infrastructure Project Finance and Capital Flows: A New Perspective. World Development, 26(7), 1283–1298. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00054-0.
Dautta, N., Roy, S. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development and Political Risks. The Journal of Developing Areas, 44(2), 303–327.
Di Bella, J., Grant, A., Kindornay, S. & Tissot, S. (2013). Mapping Private Sector Engagements in Development Cooperation. The Nort-South Institute.
Dinh, H., Palmade, V., Chandra, V. & Cossar, F. (2012). Light Manufacturing in Africa: Targeted Policies to Enhance Private Investment and Create Jobs. World Bank Publications.
Efron, S. E. & Ravid, R. (2019). Action Research in Education: A Practical Guide. Second. London: Guilford Publications.
Fukuyama, F. (2013). What Is Governance? Governance, 26(3), 347–368. DOI: 10.1111/gove.12035.
Getahun, T. D. & Villanger, E. (2019). Active Private Sector Development Policies Revisited: Impacts of the Ethiopian Industrial Cluster Policy. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(7), 1548–1564. DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2018.1443211.
Güzel, S. (2020). The Efficiency of Corporate Tax Incentives in Developing Countries Based on Foreign Direct Investments. pp. 228–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9566-3.ch011.
Haywood, L. K. & Wright, C. Y. (2019). Private Sector Contribution to SDG 3: Health and Well-Being – a South African Case Study. South African Journal of Science ,115(9/10). DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2019/6452.
Horvath, A. & Lang, P. (2021). Do Loan Subsidies Boost the Real Activity of Small Firms? Journal of Banking & Finance, 122, 105988. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105988.
Hsu, M., Lee, J., Leon-Gonzalez, R. & Zhao, and Y. (2019). Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in China. Applied Economics Letters, 26(9), 777–780. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2018.1495817.
ILO (2021). A Diagnostic of the Informal Economy in Iraq. Beirut.
Jameel, H. N. (2017). A Case Study of Political Corruption in Conflict-Affected Societies (The Kurdistan Region of Iraq 2003-13). Doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester.
Jemna, L. M. (2016). Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods in Economics: The Added Value When Using Qualitative Research Methods. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, (09), 154–167.
Katsos, J. E. & AlKafaji, Y. (2019). Business in War Zones: How Companies Promote Peace in Iraq. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(1), 41–56. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-017-3513-7.
Kaur, G. (2018). The Relationship between Fiscal Deficit and Inflation in India: A Cointegration Analysis. Journal of Business Thought, 8, 42–70.
Keping, Y. (2018). Governance and Good Governance: A New Framework for Political Analysis. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(1), 1–8. DOI: 10.1007/s40647-017-0197-4.
Kesar, A. & Jena, P. K. (2022). Corruption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS Nations. pp. 183–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7062-6_10.
Kirkpatrick, C. (2014). Assessing the Impact of Regulatory Reform in Developing Countries. Public Administration and Development, 34(3), 162–168. DOI: 10.1002/pad.1693.
Klemm, A. & Parys, S. V. (2012). Empirical Evidence on the Effects of Tax Incentives. International Tax and Public Finance, 19(3), 393–423. DOI: 10.1007/s10797-011-9194-8.
Koven, S. G. & Lyons, T. S. (2003). Economic Development: Strategies for State and Local Practice. New York: Intl City County Management Assn.
Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office (2017). Inflation Rate in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. URL: https://Krso.Gov.Krd/En.
Langan, M. (2011). Private Sector Development as Poverty and Strategic Discourse: PSD in the Political Economy of EU–Africa Trade Relations. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 49(1), 83–113. DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X10000662.
Lenger, A. (2019). The Rejection of Qualitative Research Methods in Economics. Journal of Economic Issues, 53(4), 946–965. DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2019.1657748.
Mackieson, P., Shlonsky, A. & Connolly, M. (2019). Increasing Rigor and Reducing Bias in Qualitative Research: A Document Analysis of Parliamentary Debates Using Applied Thematic Analysis. Qualitative Social Work, 18(6), 965–980. DOI: 10.1177/1473325018786996.
MacLeod, W. B. (2013). On Economics: A Review of Why Nations Fail by D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson and Pillars of Prosperity by T. Besley and T. Persson. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(1), 116–143. DOI: 10.1257/jel.51.1.116.
Maulidia, M., Dargusch, P., Ashworth, P. & Ardiansyah, F. (2019). Rethinking Renewable Energy Targets and Electricity Sector Reform in Indonesia: A Private Sector Perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 101, 231–247. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.005.
Mawejje, J. & Sebudde, R. K. (2019). Tax Revenue Potential and Effort: Worldwide Estimates Using a New Dataset. Economic Analysis and Policy, 63, 119–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2019.05.005.
McCarthy, S. (2018). Rule of Law Expedited: Land Title Reform and Justice in Burma (Myanmar). Asian Studies Review, 42(2), 229–246. DOI: 10.1080/10357823.2018.1444731.
McKernan, J. (2013). Curriculum Action Research. London: Routledge.
Milliken, F. J., Schipani, C. A., Bishara, N. D. & Prado, A. M. (2015). Linking Workplace Practices to Community Engagement: The Case for Encouraging Employee Voice. Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(4), 405–421. DOI: 10.5465/amp.2013.0121.
Ministry of Finance and Economy - KRG (2019). Corporate Tax Revenue, Loan Subsidy, and KRG Budget. Erbil: Unpublished.
Ministry of Trade and Industry - KRG (2019). Private Companies Registration Data: Department of Company Registration. Erbil.
Mogalakwe, M. (2006). The Use of Documentary Research Methods in Social Research. African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 10(1), 221–230. DOI: 10.2307/afrisocirevi.10.1.221.
Montmartin, B. & Herrera, M. (2015). Internal and External Effects of R&D Subsidies and Fiscal Incentives: Empirical Evidence Using Spatial Dynamic Panel Models. Research Policy, 44(5), 1065–1079. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2014.11.013.
Mosquera Valderrama, I. J. (2020). Tax Incentives: From an Investment, Tax, and Sustainable Development Perspective. pp. 1–21 in Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Mueller, C. (2018). Economies in Conflict: Business Case Support: Work and Opportunities for Women; UK Aid.
Muhamad, G. M., Heshmati, A. & Khayyat, N. T. (2020). The Dynamics of Private Sector Development in Natural Resource Dependent Countries. Global Economic Review, 49(4), 396–421. DOI: 10.1080/1226508X.2020.1821745.
Muhamad, G. M. & Heshmati, A. (2021). Aid in the Development of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Economic Research Forum. Retrieved 22 November 2022 from https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2021/09/05/aid-development-kurdistan-region-iraq/.
Muhamad, G. M., Heshmati, A. & Khayyat, N. T. (2021). How to Reduce the Degree of Dependency on Natural Resources? Resources Policy, 72, 102047. DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102047.
Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S. & Prasad, A. D. (2019). Modelling the Relationship between Budget Deficits, Money Supply and Inflation in Fiji. Pacific Economic Bulletin; Australian National University, 21, 103–116.
Nettle, R., Crawford, A. & Brightling, P. (2018). How Private-Sector Farm Advisors Change Their Practices: An Australian Case Study. Journal of Rural Studies, 58, 20–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.027.
Nigar, N. (2015). The Composite Impact of Institutional Quality and Inequality on Economic Growth. The Pakistan Development Review, 54(4), 779–791.
Nuţă, A. C. & Nuţă, F. M. (2012). The Effectiveness of the Tax Incentives on Foreign Direct Investments. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 1(1), 55–65.
Osei-Kyei, R. & Chan, A. P. C. (2017). Factors Attracting Private Sector Investments in Public–Private Partnerships in Developing Countries. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 22(1), 92–111. DOI: 10.1108/JFMPC-06-2016-0026.
Schaller, S. F. (2021). Public–Private Synergies: Reconceiving Urban Redevelopment in Tübingen, Germany. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(2), 288–307. DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2018.1465345.
Sinha, S., Beijer, A., Hawkins, J. & Teglund, A. (2001). Approach and Organization of Sida Support to Private Sector Development. A Sida EVALUATION REPORT. URL: https://www.oecd.org/countries/mozambique/46163988.pdf.
Sobel, R. S. (2008). Testing Baumol: Institutional Quality and the Productivity of Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 641–655. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.004.
Song, M., Wang, S. & Zhang, H. (2020). Could Environmental Regulation and R&D Tax Incentives Affect Green Product Innovation? Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120849. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120849.
Sosnowski, P. (2016). Relations with Turkey as Determinant of Iraqi Kurdistan Economic Security. Securitologia, 2(24), 87–103.
Speakman, J. & Rysova, A. (2015). The Small Entrepreneur in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations. The World Bank.
Starr, M. A. (2014). Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research in Economics: Surprising Growth, Promising Future. Journal of Economic Surveys, 28(2), 238–264. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12004.
Sümer, F. & Joseph, J. (2019). Compatibility of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s Institutions and Economic Development Within Iraq. pp. 27–54 in Iraqi Kurdistan’s Statehood Aspirations. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Taglioni, D. & Winkler, D. (2016). Making Global Value Chains Work for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Tang, J. T. (2021). A Practical Action Research of Portfolio Assessment on Building the Learning Community for Graduate Students in Taiwan. Systemic Practice and Action Research. DOI: 10.1007/s11213-021-09583-8.
Tanzi, V. (2011). Government Versus Markets: The Changing Economic Role of the State. Cambridge University Press.
Uroos, A., Shabbir, M. S., Zahid, M. U., Yahya, G. & Abbasi, B. A. (2022). Economic Analysis of Corruption: Evidence from Pakistan. Transnational Corporations Review, 14(1), 46–61. DOI: 10.1080/19186444.2021.1917331.
Williams, N. J., Jaramillo, P., Taneja, J. & Ustun, T. S. (2015). Enabling Private Sector Investment in Microgrid-Based Rural Electrification in Developing Countries: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1268–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.153.
Wood, L. M., Sebar, B. & Vecchio, N. (2020). Application of Rigour and Credibility in Qualitative Document Analysis: Lessons Learnt from a Case Study. The Qualitative Report, 25(2), 456–70.
World Bank Group (2016). The Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Reforming the Economy for Shared Prosperity and Protecting the Vulnerable. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Zhang, L., Chen, Y. & He, Z. (2018). The Effect of Investment Tax Incentives: Evidence from China’s Value-Added Tax Reform. International Tax and Public Finance, 25(4), 913–945. DOI: 10.1007/s10797-017-9475-y.
Zhao, L., Harvie, C., Arjomandi, A. & Suardi, S. (2022). Entrepreneurs and China’s Private Sector SMEs’ Performance. Applied Economics 54(28):3279–95. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2021.2006135.
Adelina-Geanina, I. (2011). Monetary Policy and Economic Policy. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 1(2), 1–204.
Ahmed, M. M. A. (2012). Regional Economic Development and Its Negative Fallout. Pp. 67–84 in Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
Ali Saleem, Z. & Skelton, M. (2020). Assessing Iraqi Kurdistan’s Stability: How Patronage Shapes Conflict. London, UK.
Alsultan, S. (2021). Tax Incentives in Three Common Markets. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Forthcoming, 50(2).
Amir Hussin, M. R. (July 2018). Rationalization of Using Practical Action Research Method in Course Development for Entrepreneurship Training Programme. in 3rd UUM International Qualitative Research Conference (QRC) 10-12 July 2018 Melaka, Malaysia. Melaka, Malaysia: College of Business, University Utara Malaysia.
Appiah-Kubi, S. N. K., Malec, K., Phiri, J., Maitah, M., Gebeltová, Z., Smutka, L., Blazek, V., et al. (2021). Impact of Tax Incentives on Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Africa. Sustainability, 13(15), 8661. DOI: 10.3390/su13158661.
Atherton, A. & Smallbone, D. (2013). Promoting Private Sector Development in China: The Challenge of Building Institutional Capacity at the Local Level. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 31(1), 5–23. DOI: 10.1068/c1125b.
Bailey, K. (2008). Methods of Social Research (4th ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Bizhan, N. (2018). Aid and State-Building, Part II: Afghanistan and Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 39(5), 1014–1031. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2018.1447369.
Board of Investment - KRG (2019). List of Licensed Projects in Kurdistan Region-Erbil. Erbil.
Board of Investment - KRG (2006). Investment Law. Kurdistan Region: Board of Investment.
Buckley, P. J. (2014). Twenty Years of the World Investment Report: Retrospect and Prospects. pp. 363–385 in The Multinational Enterprise and the Emergence of the Global Factory. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (2003). Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge and Action Research. London: Routledge.
Chohan, U. (2019). Documentary Research: Positing Innovations in a National Budget Process. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Dailami, M. & Leipziger, D. (1998). Infrastructure Project Finance and Capital Flows: A New Perspective. World Development, 26(7), 1283–1298. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00054-0.
Dautta, N., Roy, S. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development and Political Risks. The Journal of Developing Areas, 44(2), 303–327.
Di Bella, J., Grant, A., Kindornay, S. & Tissot, S. (2013). Mapping Private Sector Engagements in Development Cooperation. The Nort-South Institute.
Dinh, H., Palmade, V., Chandra, V. & Cossar, F. (2012). Light Manufacturing in Africa: Targeted Policies to Enhance Private Investment and Create Jobs. World Bank Publications.
Efron, S. E. & Ravid, R. (2019). Action Research in Education: A Practical Guide. Second. London: Guilford Publications.
Fukuyama, F. (2013). What Is Governance? Governance, 26(3), 347–368. DOI: 10.1111/gove.12035.
Getahun, T. D. & Villanger, E. (2019). Active Private Sector Development Policies Revisited: Impacts of the Ethiopian Industrial Cluster Policy. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(7), 1548–1564. DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2018.1443211.
Güzel, S. (2020). The Efficiency of Corporate Tax Incentives in Developing Countries Based on Foreign Direct Investments. pp. 228–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9566-3.ch011.
Haywood, L. K. & Wright, C. Y. (2019). Private Sector Contribution to SDG 3: Health and Well-Being – a South African Case Study. South African Journal of Science ,115(9/10). DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2019/6452.
Horvath, A. & Lang, P. (2021). Do Loan Subsidies Boost the Real Activity of Small Firms? Journal of Banking & Finance, 122, 105988. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105988.
Hsu, M., Lee, J., Leon-Gonzalez, R. & Zhao, and Y. (2019). Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in China. Applied Economics Letters, 26(9), 777–780. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2018.1495817.
ILO (2021). A Diagnostic of the Informal Economy in Iraq. Beirut.
Jameel, H. N. (2017). A Case Study of Political Corruption in Conflict-Affected Societies (The Kurdistan Region of Iraq 2003-13). Doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester.
Jemna, L. M. (2016). Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods in Economics: The Added Value When Using Qualitative Research Methods. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, (09), 154–167.
Katsos, J. E. & AlKafaji, Y. (2019). Business in War Zones: How Companies Promote Peace in Iraq. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(1), 41–56. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-017-3513-7.
Kaur, G. (2018). The Relationship between Fiscal Deficit and Inflation in India: A Cointegration Analysis. Journal of Business Thought, 8, 42–70.
Keping, Y. (2018). Governance and Good Governance: A New Framework for Political Analysis. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(1), 1–8. DOI: 10.1007/s40647-017-0197-4.
Kesar, A. & Jena, P. K. (2022). Corruption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS Nations. pp. 183–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7062-6_10.
Kirkpatrick, C. (2014). Assessing the Impact of Regulatory Reform in Developing Countries. Public Administration and Development, 34(3), 162–168. DOI: 10.1002/pad.1693.
Klemm, A. & Parys, S. V. (2012). Empirical Evidence on the Effects of Tax Incentives. International Tax and Public Finance, 19(3), 393–423. DOI: 10.1007/s10797-011-9194-8.
Koven, S. G. & Lyons, T. S. (2003). Economic Development: Strategies for State and Local Practice. New York: Intl City County Management Assn.
Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office (2017). Inflation Rate in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. URL: https://Krso.Gov.Krd/En.
Langan, M. (2011). Private Sector Development as Poverty and Strategic Discourse: PSD in the Political Economy of EU–Africa Trade Relations. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 49(1), 83–113. DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X10000662.
Lenger, A. (2019). The Rejection of Qualitative Research Methods in Economics. Journal of Economic Issues, 53(4), 946–965. DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2019.1657748.
Mackieson, P., Shlonsky, A. & Connolly, M. (2019). Increasing Rigor and Reducing Bias in Qualitative Research: A Document Analysis of Parliamentary Debates Using Applied Thematic Analysis. Qualitative Social Work, 18(6), 965–980. DOI: 10.1177/1473325018786996.
MacLeod, W. B. (2013). On Economics: A Review of Why Nations Fail by D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson and Pillars of Prosperity by T. Besley and T. Persson. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(1), 116–143. DOI: 10.1257/jel.51.1.116.
Maulidia, M., Dargusch, P., Ashworth, P. & Ardiansyah, F. (2019). Rethinking Renewable Energy Targets and Electricity Sector Reform in Indonesia: A Private Sector Perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 101, 231–247. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.005.
Mawejje, J. & Sebudde, R. K. (2019). Tax Revenue Potential and Effort: Worldwide Estimates Using a New Dataset. Economic Analysis and Policy, 63, 119–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2019.05.005.
McCarthy, S. (2018). Rule of Law Expedited: Land Title Reform and Justice in Burma (Myanmar). Asian Studies Review, 42(2), 229–246. DOI: 10.1080/10357823.2018.1444731.
McKernan, J. (2013). Curriculum Action Research. London: Routledge.
Milliken, F. J., Schipani, C. A., Bishara, N. D. & Prado, A. M. (2015). Linking Workplace Practices to Community Engagement: The Case for Encouraging Employee Voice. Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(4), 405–421. DOI: 10.5465/amp.2013.0121.
Ministry of Finance and Economy - KRG (2019). Corporate Tax Revenue, Loan Subsidy, and KRG Budget. Erbil: Unpublished.
Ministry of Trade and Industry - KRG (2019). Private Companies Registration Data: Department of Company Registration. Erbil.
Mogalakwe, M. (2006). The Use of Documentary Research Methods in Social Research. African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 10(1), 221–230. DOI: 10.2307/afrisocirevi.10.1.221.
Montmartin, B. & Herrera, M. (2015). Internal and External Effects of R&D Subsidies and Fiscal Incentives: Empirical Evidence Using Spatial Dynamic Panel Models. Research Policy, 44(5), 1065–1079. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2014.11.013.
Mosquera Valderrama, I. J. (2020). Tax Incentives: From an Investment, Tax, and Sustainable Development Perspective. pp. 1–21 in Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Mueller, C. (2018). Economies in Conflict: Business Case Support: Work and Opportunities for Women; UK Aid.
Muhamad, G. M., Heshmati, A. & Khayyat, N. T. (2020). The Dynamics of Private Sector Development in Natural Resource Dependent Countries. Global Economic Review, 49(4), 396–421. DOI: 10.1080/1226508X.2020.1821745.
Muhamad, G. M. & Heshmati, A. (2021). Aid in the Development of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Economic Research Forum. Retrieved 22 November 2022 from https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2021/09/05/aid-development-kurdistan-region-iraq/.
Muhamad, G. M., Heshmati, A. & Khayyat, N. T. (2021). How to Reduce the Degree of Dependency on Natural Resources? Resources Policy, 72, 102047. DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102047.
Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S. & Prasad, A. D. (2019). Modelling the Relationship between Budget Deficits, Money Supply and Inflation in Fiji. Pacific Economic Bulletin; Australian National University, 21, 103–116.
Nettle, R., Crawford, A. & Brightling, P. (2018). How Private-Sector Farm Advisors Change Their Practices: An Australian Case Study. Journal of Rural Studies, 58, 20–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.027.
Nigar, N. (2015). The Composite Impact of Institutional Quality and Inequality on Economic Growth. The Pakistan Development Review, 54(4), 779–791.
Nuţă, A. C. & Nuţă, F. M. (2012). The Effectiveness of the Tax Incentives on Foreign Direct Investments. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 1(1), 55–65.
Osei-Kyei, R. & Chan, A. P. C. (2017). Factors Attracting Private Sector Investments in Public–Private Partnerships in Developing Countries. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 22(1), 92–111. DOI: 10.1108/JFMPC-06-2016-0026.
Schaller, S. F. (2021). Public–Private Synergies: Reconceiving Urban Redevelopment in Tübingen, Germany. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(2), 288–307. DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2018.1465345.
Sinha, S., Beijer, A., Hawkins, J. & Teglund, A. (2001). Approach and Organization of Sida Support to Private Sector Development. A Sida EVALUATION REPORT. URL: https://www.oecd.org/countries/mozambique/46163988.pdf.
Sobel, R. S. (2008). Testing Baumol: Institutional Quality and the Productivity of Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 641–655. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.004.
Song, M., Wang, S. & Zhang, H. (2020). Could Environmental Regulation and R&D Tax Incentives Affect Green Product Innovation? Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120849. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120849.
Sosnowski, P. (2016). Relations with Turkey as Determinant of Iraqi Kurdistan Economic Security. Securitologia, 2(24), 87–103.
Speakman, J. & Rysova, A. (2015). The Small Entrepreneur in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations. The World Bank.
Starr, M. A. (2014). Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research in Economics: Surprising Growth, Promising Future. Journal of Economic Surveys, 28(2), 238–264. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12004.
Sümer, F. & Joseph, J. (2019). Compatibility of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s Institutions and Economic Development Within Iraq. pp. 27–54 in Iraqi Kurdistan’s Statehood Aspirations. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Taglioni, D. & Winkler, D. (2016). Making Global Value Chains Work for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Tang, J. T. (2021). A Practical Action Research of Portfolio Assessment on Building the Learning Community for Graduate Students in Taiwan. Systemic Practice and Action Research. DOI: 10.1007/s11213-021-09583-8.
Tanzi, V. (2011). Government Versus Markets: The Changing Economic Role of the State. Cambridge University Press.
Uroos, A., Shabbir, M. S., Zahid, M. U., Yahya, G. & Abbasi, B. A. (2022). Economic Analysis of Corruption: Evidence from Pakistan. Transnational Corporations Review, 14(1), 46–61. DOI: 10.1080/19186444.2021.1917331.
Williams, N. J., Jaramillo, P., Taneja, J. & Ustun, T. S. (2015). Enabling Private Sector Investment in Microgrid-Based Rural Electrification in Developing Countries: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1268–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.153.
Wood, L. M., Sebar, B. & Vecchio, N. (2020). Application of Rigour and Credibility in Qualitative Document Analysis: Lessons Learnt from a Case Study. The Qualitative Report, 25(2), 456–70.
World Bank Group (2016). The Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Reforming the Economy for Shared Prosperity and Protecting the Vulnerable. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Zhang, L., Chen, Y. & He, Z. (2018). The Effect of Investment Tax Incentives: Evidence from China’s Value-Added Tax Reform. International Tax and Public Finance, 25(4), 913–945. DOI: 10.1007/s10797-017-9475-y.
Zhao, L., Harvie, C., Arjomandi, A. & Suardi, S. (2022). Entrepreneurs and China’s Private Sector SMEs’ Performance. Applied Economics 54(28):3279–95. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2021.2006135.
Downloads
Published
2022-12-27
Issue
Section
Research Articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
Private Sector Development Analysis in Post-Conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq. (2022). UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v6n2y2022.pp19-32
